Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical digestion of starch by salivary amylase?

$$ \text{Starch} + \text{Salivary Amylase} \rightarrow \text{Maltose} $$

Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the enzymatic pathway of protein digestion?

$$ \text{Polypeptide} \xrightarrow{\text{Pepsin}} \text{Medium-sized peptides} \xrightarrow{\text{Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase}} \text{Dipeptides} \xrightarrow{\text{Dipeptidase}} \text{Amino acids} $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of segmentation in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Back-and-forth mixing movements that combine food and digestive secretions, with some forward progress

Question 2

Which layer of the GI tract is responsible for secreting lubrication and acting as the protective outer layer for most of the tract?

Accepted Answer

Serosa

Question 3

A patient presents with difficulty absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Which structure in the small intestine is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Lacteals

Question 4

Which digestive enzyme is produced by the pancreas and acts in the small intestine to break down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Lipase

Question 5

During carbohydrate digestion, which enzyme is responsible for converting maltose into glucose in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Maltase

Question 6

Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile, and also triggers the pancreas to release digestive enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Emulsifying fats for absorption

Question 8

A patient with chronic reflux is at risk for which of the following complications due to repeated exposure of the lower esophagus to stomach acid?

Accepted Answer

Barrett's esophagus

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches the digestive enzyme with its substrate and end product?

Accepted Answer

Salivary amylase: substrate = starch; end product = maltose

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical digestion of starch by salivary amylase?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Starch} + 	ext{Salivary Amylase} ightarrow 	ext{Maltose} $$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the stomach is not the major site of nutrient absorption?

Accepted Answer

Stomach epithelial cells are impermeable to most nutrients

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the enzymatic pathway of protein digestion?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Polypeptide} \xrightarrow{	ext{Pepsin}} 	ext{Medium-sized peptides} \xrightarrow{	ext{Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase}} 	ext{Dipeptides} \xrightarrow{	ext{Dipeptidase}} 	ext{Amino acids} $$

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the liver in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis: conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 15

Which of the following correctly describes the absorption mechanism for glucose in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport (co-transport with Na$^+$)

Question 16

A patient has a deficiency in bile production. Which digestive process will be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification of fats

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of mechanical digestion?

Accepted Answer

Physical reduction of food into smaller sizes

Question 18

Which of the following is a major function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Formation of feces and absorption of water and some vitamins

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of bacteria and old blood cells

The Digestive System: Structure, Function, and Processes

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