Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and activate genes for protein synthesis.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, a 'moon face,' and a 'buffalo hump.' Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

A child is diagnosed with dwarfism due to a hormone deficiency. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the second messenger system of hormone action?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to membrane receptor, activates enzyme, produces second messenger, triggers cellular response

Question 6

A patient with a lack of dietary iodine is at risk for developing which thyroid disorder, and what is the physiological reason?

Accepted Answer

Goiter, due to decreased thyroxine synthesis and thyroid gland enlargement

Question 7

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk ejection during breastfeeding and uterine contractions during labor?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 8

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Bronze skin tone, muscle weakness, and susceptibility to infection

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the role of negative feedback in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

It maintains hormone levels within a narrow range by inhibiting further release once an appropriate level is achieved.

Question 10

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including increased metabolism, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Question 11

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Promote normal cell metabolism and help resist long-term stressors

Question 13

A patient with hyperaldosteronism is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

High blood sodium and low blood potassium

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas and acts to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 15

A multi-step scenario: A patient has a tumor in the anterior pituitary that causes excess ACTH secretion. Predict the effect on cortisol levels and describe the likely clinical syndrome.

Accepted Answer

Cortisol levels increase, leading to Cushing's syndrome

Question 16

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the development of secondary male sex characteristics and is required for sperm cell production?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates follicle development in the ovaries

Question 18

A patient is found to have low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased urine output and risk of dehydration

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of hormone release?

Accepted Answer

$$H_{release} = k 	imes (S_{stimulus} - L_{setpoint})$$

Question 20

A patient with a tumor causing hypersecretion of sex hormones from the adrenal cortex may develop which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Masculinization, such as beard growth and male-pattern hair distribution

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

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