Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and then into the bloodstream.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst and frequent urination. Laboratory tests reveal high blood osmotic pressure. Which hormone is most likely to be elevated in this patient, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); decreases urine output by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and plays a role in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 4

A person with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely experience disturbances in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Sodium and potassium homeostasis due to altered aldosterone secretion.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Lipid-soluble hormones are hydrophobic and cannot dissolve freely in plasma.

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the negative feedback regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

If $[Glucose]_{blood}$ increases, then $[Insulin]$ increases and $[Glucagon]$ decreases; if $[Glucose]_{blood}$ decreases, then $[Insulin]$ decreases and $[Glucagon]$ increases.

Question 7

Which hormone is released in response to stretch of the cervix during childbirth and what are its two main effects?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin; enhances uterine contractions and stimulates milk ejection.

Question 8

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a synergistic effect between hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormones and human growth hormone (hGH) both accelerate body growth when present together.

Question 9

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to have which of the following hormonal imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell membrane.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases TRH $\rightarrow$ Anterior pituitary releases TSH $\rightarrow$ Thyroid gland releases T3 and T4

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the fight-or-flight response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of aging on the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Most endocrine glands decrease in size and contain more fibrous connective tissue.

Question 14

A patient with Graves disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmos and hyperthyroidism due to excess thyroid hormone

Question 15

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Insulin: decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake

Question 16

Which of the following equations represents the effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Accepted Answer

$BMR \propto [T3 + T4]$ (BMR increases as thyroid hormone levels increase)

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for promoting maturation of T cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the regulation of aldosterone secretion?

Accepted Answer

It is controlled by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) pathway.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the feedback regulation of hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Most hormone regulation is achieved via negative feedback, but a few hormones operate via positive feedback.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in females?

Accepted Answer

DHEA promotes libido and is converted to estrogens, especially after menopause.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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