Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release substances into ducts.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst and frequent urination. Blood tests reveal elevated glucose levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a pure endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 4

The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland via which structure?

Accepted Answer

Infundibulum

Question 5

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased blood osmolarity, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in kidneys

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of hormone action?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to receptor, activates second messenger, alters cell activity, and feedback regulates hormone release.

Question 7

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal cortex and is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 8

A patient with low calcium levels in the blood is likely to have increased secretion of which hormone, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium release from bones

Question 9

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 10

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism controlling blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback involving insulin and glucagon

Question 12

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to have elevated levels of which hormones?

Accepted Answer

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 13

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels and acts to lower calcium?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of testosterone produced by the male gonads?

Accepted Answer

Promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 15

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the nervous system and endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Both use chemical messengers, but the nervous system acts faster and effects are shorter lasting.

Question 17

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of blood glucose by insulin?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta [Glucose] = -k 	imes [Insulin]$$

Question 18

Which of the following cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Alpha cells

Question 19

A patient with Addison's disease has decreased production of adrenal cortex hormones. Which hormone is most likely deficient, leading to low sodium and high potassium levels?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of estrogen produced by the female gonads?

Accepted Answer

Promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Major Glands

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