Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between amino acid-based hormones and steroid hormones in terms of their mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid-based hormones bind to cell surface receptors and often use second messengers, while steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood glucose, muscle wasting, and hypertension. Laboratory tests reveal elevated cortisol levels. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 4

A person with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely have abnormal secretion of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Increases glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells

Question 6

A patient is experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Blood tests show hyperglycemia and ketonuria. Which hormone is most likely deficient or ineffective?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 7

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'permissiveness' in hormone action?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Question 9

A patient with hypothyroidism would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Decreased basal metabolic rate, weight gain, and cold intolerance

Question 10

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 11

A patient with a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of glucagon in blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

It raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 14

A patient with a pituitary tumor that hypersecretes growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys

Question 16

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response and is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 17

A patient with low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia and tetany

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and functions to decrease blood sodium concentration and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 19

A patient with a mutation causing nonfunctional insulin receptors would most likely present with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose and symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation of hormone receptors on a target cell?

Accepted Answer

The target cell increases the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels, making it more sensitive.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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