Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and nervous system communication?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine communication is slower but has longer-lasting effects than nervous communication.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that causes excessive secretion of a hormone. Over time, the target cells become less responsive to this hormone. Which process best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation of hormone receptors

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium ion reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 4

A person with type 1 diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following symptoms if left untreated?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia and glycosuria

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to extracellular receptors, activating second messengers such as cAMP.

Question 6

A patient is found to have low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be elevated in this patient as a compensatory response?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the activation of cAMP as a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to extracellular receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to high blood solute concentration and acts to conserve body water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

A patient with a pituitary tumor is unable to produce gonadotropins. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Hypogonadism, resulting in impaired sexual maturation

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones typically have longer-lasting effects than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene expression.

Question 11

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 12

A patient is given a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. What is the expected effect on cAMP levels in target cells?

Accepted Answer

cAMP levels will remain elevated for a longer period.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone is required for epinephrine to have its full effect on lipid breakdown

Question 14

Which hormone is released by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 15

A patient with an overactive adrenal medulla would likely have elevated levels of which hormones?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It integrates nervous and endocrine functions by controlling the pituitary gland.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the transport of hormones in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic hormones are transported bound to carrier proteins.

Question 18

A patient is experiencing symptoms of high metabolic rate, weight loss, and increased heart rate. Which hormone is most likely elevated?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with obesity?

Accepted Answer

Obesity is linked to insulin resistance, where tissues do not respond properly to insulin.

Question 20

Which hormone is released by pancreatic alpha (⍺) cells in response to low blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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