Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-duration responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting responses.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst and large urine output. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol, is lipid-soluble, and acts by directly activating genes within the target cell nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger mechanism of hormone action?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP → cAMP activates protein kinases

Question 5

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated growth hormone (GH) levels as an adult. Which condition is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why thyroid hormone (TH) is unique among amino acid–based hormones?

Accepted Answer

TH is lipid-soluble and acts on intracellular receptors, similar to steroid hormones.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased blood osmolarity and acts to conserve water in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated metabolic rate, weight loss, and exophthalmos

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing kidney reabsorption, and activating vitamin D.

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response and is released from the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 12

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low blood glucose and low sodium

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 14

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis due to increased fat metabolism

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'permissiveness' in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present.

Question 17

Which hormone is released in response to low blood oxygen and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure and acts to decrease blood volume and pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why older women are more vulnerable to osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Declining estrogen levels reduce the inhibition of parathyroid hormone (PTH), increasing bone demineralization.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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