Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid for transport by the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted, and what is its primary site of action?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; kidney tubules

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary, and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water retention by the kidneys

Question 4

A patient with untreated Type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which of the following complications due to the accumulation of ketone bodies?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have longer half-lives in the blood compared to peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and often bound to plasma proteins, which protects them from rapid degradation.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the adenylate cyclase-cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G-protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → cAMP produced → Protein kinase A activated

Question 7

A patient with Graves disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss due to increased metabolic rate; abnormal proteins mimic TSH and overstimulate the thyroid

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is one of its main effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on its target cells?

Accepted Answer

Promotes uptake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids, and stimulates glycogen synthesis

Question 10

A patient is prescribed corticosteroids for a chronic inflammatory condition. What is a potential risk if the medication is stopped abruptly?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal crisis due to suppressed HPA axis and inability to produce adequate cortisol

Question 11

Which hormone is produced by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting natriuresis and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct example of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon acting on blood glucose levels

Question 13

A patient with a pituitary tumor secreting excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophobic hormones such as steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene transcription.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics and is produced in response to LH from the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases reabsorption of calcium ions

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus to induce satiety?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 19

During exercise, which hormones are primarily responsible for increasing the metabolic rate and ensuring adequate fuel availability?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines and glucagon

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows hypothalamic hormones to travel directly to the anterior pituitary, regulating its hormone secretion.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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