Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid for transport by the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, low potassium, and high sodium levels. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted, and what is a possible cause?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; possibly due to an aldosterone-secreting tumor

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

Low $$T_3$$/$$T_4$$ → Hypothalamus releases TRH → Anterior pituitary releases TSH → Thyroid gland releases $$T_3$$/$$T_4$$ → Increased $$T_3$$/$$T_4$$ inhibits TRH and TSH

Question 4

A patient with Graves disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased blood pressure

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted in response to declining blood calcium ion concentration and acts to increase blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why oral preparations of human growth hormone (hGH) are ineffective?

Accepted Answer

hGH is destroyed by acid and enzymatic reactions in the stomach.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on its target cells?

Accepted Answer

Promotes uptake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids

Question 8

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which of the following complications if left untreated?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis, polyuria, and polydipsia

Question 9

Which hormone is produced by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting vasodilation and natriuresis?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophobic hormones such as steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene expression.

Question 11

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by inserting aquaporins into the tubule cells?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

A patient with Addison disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Disruptions in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone acting as an antagonist?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon acting on blood glucose levels

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is associated with regulation of the sleep/wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows hormones from the hypothalamus to travel directly to the anterior pituitary, bypassing the general circulation.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics and is produced in the testes?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 17

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias due to low blood calcium. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the effects of the endocrine system are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Hormones are secreted into the blood and can persist until they are broken down or taken up by target cells.

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of leptin?

Accepted Answer

Leptin induces satiety by acting on neurons in the hypothalamus.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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