Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between paracrine and endocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signaling involves chemicals acting on nearby cells without entering the bloodstream, while endocrine signaling involves hormones traveling through the blood to distant targets.

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely under-secreted?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of cortisol secretion?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases CRH → Anterior pituitary releases ACTH → Adrenal cortex releases cortisol → Decreased CRH and ACTH

Question 4

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 5

A person with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce which hormone, leading to high blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones can directly affect gene expression?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, which then interact with DNA.

Question 7

Which of the following is a water-soluble hormone that uses cAMP as a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 8

A patient with an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) is found to have low levels of T3 and T4. Which of the following is most likely increased as a compensatory response?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to increased blood solute concentration and acts to conserve body water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone (GH) on the body?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), promoting body growth and repair.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin – decreases blood calcium

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates diurnal rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why target cells can respond differently to the same hormone?

Accepted Answer

The response depends on the availability and type of receptors on the target cell.

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 15

A patient with acromegaly is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Overproduction of growth hormone during adulthood

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the antagonistic relationship between insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose, while glucagon increases it.

Question 17

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the maturation of T cells in the thymus?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, helping to maintain blood pressure.

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the testes and is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in males?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a major link between the nervous and endocrine systems, controlling the pituitary gland.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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