Q: Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 75 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 75 \times 70 = 5250 mL/$$min

Q: A patient has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 60 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output? Use $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 120 \times 60 = 7200 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with chest pain due to inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris

Question 3

Which valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, which event is associated with the 'lubb' (S1) heart sound?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the AV valves

Question 5

Which structure acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulse for each heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 6

If the SA node fails, which structure typically takes over as the pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling principle?

Accepted Answer

Increased stretch of myocardial cells leads to increased stroke volume

Question 8

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 75 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 75 	imes 70 = 5250 mL/$$min

Question 9

Which of the following is a life-threatening condition caused by fluid accumulation between the visceral and parietal pericardium, compressing the heart?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade

Question 10

A blockage in the left coronary artery would most directly affect blood supply to which region of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle and interventricular septum

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire systemic circuit, requiring higher pressure

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiac skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Directly initiates electrical impulses for contraction

Question 13

A patient with mitral valve prolapse is at increased risk for which of the following complications during dental procedures?

Accepted Answer

Infective endocarditis

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium

Question 15

Which of the following ECG waves is associated with ventricular repolarization?

Accepted Answer

T wave

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result from a stenosed heart valve?

Accepted Answer

Reduced blood flow and possible heart murmur

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a common cause of myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the AV valve flaps from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 20

A patient has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 60 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output? Use $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 120 	imes 60 = 7200 mL/$$min

The Heart: Structure and Function in the Cardiovascular System

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