Q: Which of the following is a correct equation for estimating the percentage of body surface area affected by burns using the Rule of Nines?

$$ \text{Total Burn Area} = (\text{Number of regions affected}) \times 9\% $$

Question 1

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for producing new keratinocytes through mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale

Question 2

A patient presents with blue-tinged skin (cyanosis). Which pigment and physiological process is most directly involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin; low oxygenation

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the papillary layer of the dermis?

Accepted Answer

Superficial layer made of areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae

Question 4

A burn patient has damage to the entire thickness of the skin, with no pain in the affected area. What type of burn is this, and why is pain absent?

Accepted Answer

Third-degree burn; pain is absent because nerve endings are destroyed

Question 5

Which accessory structure of the skin is responsible for producing sebum, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous gland; softens hair and skin

Question 6

A person with a genetic mutation affecting tyrosinase would most likely have abnormalities in which skin pigment?

Accepted Answer

Melanin

Question 7

Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin, such as the palms and soles?

Accepted Answer

Stratum lucidum

Question 8

If a patient has a scaly, reddened papule on their scalp that is diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma, which epidermal cell type is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the skin that directly contributes to calcium homeostasis in the body?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D

Question 10

A patient presents with yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Which organ system is most likely compromised?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 11

Which type of sweat gland is most numerous and plays a major role in thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland

Question 12

Which structure anchors the skin to underlying muscles and acts as a shock absorber?

Accepted Answer

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

Question 13

A patient with a burn covering the anterior trunk and both arms is assessed using the Rule of Nines. What percentage of the body surface area is affected?

Accepted Answer

$$ 36\% $$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the stratum corneum is an effective barrier against water loss?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of flat, keratinized, dead cells tightly packed together

Question 15

Which skin structure is responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration?

Accepted Answer

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 16

A person with decreased collagenase production in the skin would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired natural turnover of collagen, leading to more wrinkles

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding hair color changes with aging?

Accepted Answer

Gray or white hair results from decreased melanin production and air bubbles in the shaft

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct equation for estimating the percentage of body surface area affected by burns using the Rule of Nines?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Total Burn Area} = (	ext{Number of regions affected}) 	imes 9\% $$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between thick and thin skin?

Accepted Answer

Thick skin contains a stratum lucidum and is found on palms and soles; thin skin lacks this layer

Question 20

A patient with a wound that does not bleed has likely damaged which layer(s) of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Epidermis only

The Integumentary System: Structure and Function

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