Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the arrector pili muscle in the hair follicle?

Accepted Answer

It contracts to produce 'goose bumps' by pulling the hair upright.

Question 2

A patient presents with yellowing of the nails. Which underlying condition is most likely associated with this clinical sign?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory or thyroid gland disorder

Question 3

Which layer of the hair is responsible for containing air bubbles that can replace melanin and result in gray or white hair?

Accepted Answer

Cuticle

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Production of red blood cells

Question 5

A person is exposed to cold external temperatures. Which physiological response will occur in the skin to conserve body heat?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of dermal blood vessels

Question 6

Which type of sweat gland is primarily responsible for thermoregulation and is abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why skin acts as a chemical barrier?

Accepted Answer

It secretes acidic sweat and antimicrobial proteins that inhibit bacterial growth.

Question 8

A patient with iron deficiency anemia is likely to show which abnormality in their nails?

Accepted Answer

Spoon nails (koilonychia)

Question 9

Which region of the hair is located above the scalp where keratinization is complete?

Accepted Answer

Shaft

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the amount of insensible perspiration produced by sweat glands under normal resting body temperature?

Accepted Answer

$500 \, 	ext{ml/day}$

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about sebaceous glands?

Accepted Answer

They secrete sebum, which lubricates and softens skin and hair.

Question 12

A patient presents with whiteheads and inflamed pustules on the face. Which gland is most likely involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous gland

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of melanin in the skin?

Accepted Answer

It provides chemical protection against UV radiation damage.

Question 14

During aging, which change in the skin is most likely to lead to increased risk of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells

Question 15

Which of the following is a metabolic function of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D for calcium absorption

Question 16

A person loses 12 liters of sweat during vigorous exercise. Which type of perspiration is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Sensible perspiration

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of phagocytic cells in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They engulf and destroy pathogens, activating the immune response.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the blood reservoir function of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Skin can hold up to 5% of the body's total blood volume.

Question 19

A newborn is examined at birth and found to have a lanugo coat. What is the significance of this finding?

Accepted Answer

It is a normal developmental aspect, representing delicate hairs developed in the 5th and 6th month.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why eccrine sweat is not considered pure water?

Accepted Answer

It contains water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, and metabolic wastes.

The Integumentary System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Aspects

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