Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood to form a protein-free filtrate

Question 2

A patient has a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following could directly cause this change?

Accepted Answer

Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = P_{GC} - (P_{BS} + \pi_{GC})$$

Question 4

Which of the following substances is LEAST likely to be filtered at the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 5

A patient is experiencing excessive water loss in urine. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

Which process in the nephron is responsible for moving substances from the blood into the tubular fluid, beyond filtration?

Accepted Answer

Secretion

Question 7

If the afferent arteriole constricts, what is the expected effect on GFR?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases due to reduced blood flow

Question 8

Which of the following best explains how the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle concentrates urine?

Accepted Answer

By actively pumping sodium and chloride out of the ascending limb, creating a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium

Question 9

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increased reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule

Question 10

A patient with high blood pressure is prescribed a drug that inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). What is the expected effect on sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Sodium reabsorption will decrease

Question 11

Which anatomical relationship is correct regarding the nephron’s vascular and tubular elements?

Accepted Answer

The vasa recta runs parallel to the loop of Henle

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of tubular reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood

Question 13

Which pressure opposes glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure ($$P_{BS})$$

Question 14

Which of the following molecules is most likely to be reabsorbed completely in a healthy nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

Increased water reabsorption in the collecting duct

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the macula densa in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It senses sodium concentration in the distal tubule and regulates GFR

Question 17

A patient is found to have glucose in their urine. Which nephron process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption in the proximal tubule

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the flow of blood through the renal vasculature?

Accepted Answer

Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Renal vein

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

Accepted Answer

Increase blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention

The Kidneys, Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, and Mechanisms of Urine Formation

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