Q: Which equation correctly represents the process of cAMP activation by beta adrenergic receptors?

$\text{ATP} \xrightarrow{\text{adenylyl cyclase}} \text{cAMP}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic ganglia are located close to or within the effector organs, while sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, dilated bronchioles, and elevated blood glucose. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic synapse in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 4

Which cranial nerve is most responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, and digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

Question 5

Which type of receptor is found on the motor end plate of skeletal muscle and always produces a stimulatory response when activated by acetylcholine?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor

Question 6

A drug that blocks muscarinic receptors would most likely affect which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate regulation by the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding adrenergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Beta-2 receptors are usually inhibitory and have greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine.

Question 8

During a stressful event, which physiological change is LEAST likely to occur due to sympathetic activation?

Accepted Answer

Digestive tract motility increases

Question 9

Which of the following structures is NOT innervated by the parasympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Sweat glands

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents the process of cAMP activation by beta adrenergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{ATP} \xrightarrow{	ext{adenylyl cyclase}} 	ext{cAMP}$

Question 11

A patient is given a medication that increases acetylcholinesterase activity. What is the expected effect at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Reduced muscle contraction due to decreased acetylcholine availability

Question 12

Which area of the brain is most directly involved in regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and respiration?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the effects of the sympathetic nervous system are generally longer-lasting and more widespread than those of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at the autonomic neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at varicosity → Voltage-gated Ca$^{2+}$ channels open → Neurotransmitter is released → Neurotransmitter binds to effector organ receptors

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the neurotransmitters released by the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons usually release norepinephrine, while parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It decreases heart rate.

Question 17

Which of the following structures is innervated ONLY by the sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal medulla

Question 18

A patient with damage to the ventral horn of the spinal cord would most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Impaired voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Question 19

Which of the following equations correctly represents the breakdown of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Acetylcholine} \xrightarrow{	ext{acetylcholinesterase}} 	ext{Acetate} + 	ext{Choline}$

The Nervous System: Autonomic & Motor Systems

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