Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes?

Accepted Answer

They secrete testosterone, which is essential for male secondary sex characteristics.

Question 2

A patient presents with infertility due to a blockage in the ductus deferens. Which of the following best describes the consequence of this blockage?

Accepted Answer

Sperm cannot be transported from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Question 3

During spermatogenesis, at what stage does the chromosome number reduce from diploid to haploid, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

During meiosis I, through the process of reduction division.

Question 4

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and directly stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 5

A 28-year-old woman is diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) after an untreated sexually transmitted infection. Which structure is most likely to be affected, increasing her risk for ectopic pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)

Question 6

Which phase of the uterine cycle is dominated by progesterone, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Secretory phase; prepares the endometrium for implantation of an embryo.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why only a few sperm reach the oocyte in the uterine tube during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Most sperm are destroyed by the acidic environment of the vagina and immune cells in the female reproductive tract.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the bulbourethral glands?

Accepted Answer

They secrete an alkaline mucus that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra.

Question 9

A male patient has a mutation that prevents the production of FSH. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Oogenesis produces one functional gamete per primary oocyte, while spermatogenesis produces four functional gametes per primary spermatocyte.

Question 11

Which of the following events occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Accepted Answer

Follicle growth is stimulated by FSH, and estrogen levels rise.

Question 12

A woman is found to have a tumor in her mammary gland. Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Early menopause

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the acrosomal reaction during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

The release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm head to penetrate the zona pellucida of the oocyte.

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chromosomal determination of genetic sex in humans?

Accepted Answer

$$46,XX$$ for females and $$46,XY$$ for males

Question 15

Which layer of the uterine wall is shed during menstruation?

Accepted Answer

The functional layer of the endometrium

Question 16

A patient is unable to achieve an erection due to nerve damage. Which physiological process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic stimulation leading to increased blood flow to erectile tissues

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) in the seminiferous tubules?

Accepted Answer

They support and nourish developing sperm cells and form the blood-testis barrier.

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen; stimulates regeneration of the endometrial lining.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the regulatory events in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in males?

Accepted Answer

GnRH from hypothalamus → FSH and LH from anterior pituitary → testosterone from testes

Question 20

A patient with a genetic mutation produces only X chromosomes in her gametes. What is the expected chromosomal sex of her offspring if fertilized by a normal male sperm?

Accepted Answer

Offspring could be either $$46,XX ($$female) or $$46,XY ($$male), depending on whether the sperm carries an X or Y chromosome.

The Reproductive System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Developmental Aspects

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