Question 1

Which structure is responsible for producing tears that contain lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme, and helps keep the anterior surface of the eye moist and clean?

Accepted Answer

Lacrimal gland

Question 2

A patient presents with impaired drainage of aqueous humor, leading to increased intra-ocular pressure. Which condition is most likely affecting this patient?

Accepted Answer

Glaucoma

Question 3

During accommodation for near vision, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Ciliary muscles contract, decreasing tension in the ciliary zonule

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of rods in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Detect the presence or absence of photons, allowing vision in low light

Question 5

A person with a visual acuity of less than 20/200 is considered:

Accepted Answer

Legally blind

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between frequency ($$f$$), wavelength ($$\lambda$$), and the speed of sound ($$v) in $$air?

Accepted Answer

$$v = f 	imes \lambda$$

Question 7

Which structure in the ear is responsible for equalizing pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane?

Accepted Answer

Auditory tube

Question 8

A patient is unable to distinguish between red and green colors. This is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Color blindness caused by a deficiency in cone opsins

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of photoreception in rods when exposed to light?

Accepted Answer

Retinal changes from 11-cis to 11-trans form, cGMP is broken down, sodium channels close, and glutamate release declines

Question 10

Which structure is the site of sharpest color vision in the eye?

Accepted Answer

Fovea centralis

Question 11

A patient with diabetes develops abnormal blood vessel growth and blockage of small retinal vessels. Which condition is this?

Accepted Answer

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the cochlea?

Accepted Answer

The spiral organ (organ of Corti) contains hair cells that detect sound

Question 13

Which equation would you use to calculate the intensity ($$I) of a $$sound wave given the amplitude ($$A) $$and other relevant constants?

Accepted Answer

$$I = \frac{1}{2} \rho v A^2$

Question 14

Which structure in the vestibular complex detects rotational movement of the head?

Accepted Answer

Ampullary crest of the semicircular ducts

Question 15

If a person experiences distortion of visual images due to improper refraction of light passing through the cornea and lens, which condition do they likely have?

Accepted Answer

Astigmatism

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the tarsal glands?

Accepted Answer

Secrete a lipid-rich product to prevent eyelids from sticking together

Question 17

Which structure separates the external ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves?

Accepted Answer

Tympanic membrane

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the otolithic membrane in the vestibule?

Accepted Answer

Contains densely packed calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths) that move with gravity to bend stereocilia

Question 19

Which muscle reduces movement of the stapes at the oval window, protecting the inner ear from loud sounds?

Accepted Answer

Stapedius

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the neural layer of the retina?

Accepted Answer

Contains photoreceptors, supporting cells, and neurons

The Special Senses: Vision, Hearing, and Equilibrium

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