Question 1

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood flow through the kidney, from the renal artery to the renal vein?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → cortical radiate artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → cortical radiate vein → arcuate vein → interlobar vein → renal vein

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pressure of 180/110 mmHg. Predict how this will affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), assuming all other factors remain constant.

Accepted Answer

GFR will increase due to increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla, allowing for the production of more concentrated urine.

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by increasing the number of aquaporins in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which compensatory mechanism would you expect to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to decrease $$\mathrm{$$PCO_2$$}$$ and raise blood pH.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the differential permeability of the nephron loop is necessary for urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the establishment of an osmotic gradient in the medulla, enabling water reabsorption from the collecting duct.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{NFP} = \mathrm{GHP} - (\mathrm{CHP} + \mathrm{GCOP})$$

Question 8

A patient with severe dehydration is likely to have which of the following changes in their body fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma volume and increased osmolarity in both intracellular and extracellular compartments.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating blood pressure and GFR?

Accepted Answer

RAAS increases blood pressure and GFR by causing vasoconstriction and increasing sodium and water reabsorption.

Question 10

Which of the following buffer systems is the most important for maintaining blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the micturition reflex is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall, which send signals to the spinal cord to contract the detrusor muscle and relax the internal urethral sphincter.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may have glucose present in their urine?

Accepted Answer

The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule is exceeded, so excess glucose remains in the filtrate.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

ANP increases GFR and promotes sodium and water excretion, lowering blood volume and pressure.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the path of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between $$\mathrm{$$PCO_2$$}$$, bicarbonate ions, and blood pH?

Accepted Answer

An increase in $$\mathrm{$$PCO_2$$}$$ leads to a decrease in blood pH, while an increase in bicarbonate ions raises blood pH.

Question 16

A patient is given a drug that blocks aldosterone receptors. What effect would this have on their electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption and increased potassium retention in the distal nephron.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the vasa recta are essential for the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the osmotic gradient in the medulla by removing water and solutes without dissipating the gradient.

Question 18

Which of the following is a major route of water loss from the body under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Urine

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It decreases $$\mathrm{$$PCO_2$$}$$, leading to an increase in blood pH (respiratory alkalosis).

The Urinary System and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

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