Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Production of insulin to regulate blood glucose

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure and low urine output. Which hormone released by the kidneys is most likely involved in regulating this condition?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Question 3

Which layer of supportive tissue directly prevents the spread of infection to the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Fibrous capsule

Question 4

The correct sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the outside of the body is:

Accepted Answer

Minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 5

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing glucose and amino acids from the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 6

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which cells in the collecting duct help maintain acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Intercalated cells

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_g - (OP_g + HP_c)$$

Question 9

If the glomerular hydrostatic pressure ($$HP_g) $$increases, what is the expected effect on net filtration pressure ($$NFP) $$and glomerular filtration rate ($$GFR$$)?

Accepted Answer

NFP will increase, leading to an increased GFR

Question 10

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for maintaining a nearly constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when mean arterial pressure (MAP) is between 80 and 180 mm Hg?

Accepted Answer

Renal autoregulation (intrinsic control)

Question 11

During extreme stress, which sequence of events occurs in the kidneys due to sympathetic nervous system activation?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of afferent arterioles, decreased GFR, increased renin release

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of efferent arterioles to increase fluid reabsorption

Question 13

Which type of nephron is most important in the production of concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephron

Question 14

A patient has a mutation that causes the basement membrane of the filtration barrier to lose its negative charge. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased filtration of plasma proteins

Question 15

Which cells in the juxtaglomerular complex act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure and release renin?

Accepted Answer

Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of afferent arteriole

Question 17

Which process in the nephron is responsible for selectively moving substances such as ions, drugs, and toxins from the blood into the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

It consists of fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte foot processes

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely increase the surface area available for filtration in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct path of blood flow through the renal blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → cortical radiate artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → cortical radiate vein → arcuate vein → interlobar vein → renal vein

The Urinary System: Structure and Function

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