Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing all plasma proteins

Question 2

A patient presents with hematuria (blood in urine) after a car accident. Which anatomical feature of the kidney makes it especially vulnerable to injury in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

The renal artery is susceptible to rapid deceleration injuries

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for the initial filtration of blood in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 4

A drug that inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will have which of the following effects on urine?

Accepted Answer

Decrease urine concentration and increase urine volume

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery $$\rightarrow$$ segmental artery $$\rightarrow$$ interlobar artery $$\rightarrow$$ arcuate artery $$\rightarrow$$ cortical radiate artery $$\rightarrow$$ afferent arteriole $$\rightarrow$$ glomerulus

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It consists of fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte foot processes

Question 7

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has glucose in their urine. Which renal process has been exceeded?

Accepted Answer

The transport maximum ($$T_m) $$for glucose reabsorption

Question 8

Which hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, resulting in more concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

To increase hydrostatic pressure and promote filtration

Question 10

A patient is given a drug that blocks sodium reabsorption in the nephron loop (loop of Henle). What is the most likely effect on urine output?

Accepted Answer

Urine output will increase due to decreased medullary osmotic gradient

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Bowman's capsule $$\rightarrow$$ proximal convoluted tubule $$\rightarrow$$ nephron loop $$\rightarrow$$ distal convoluted tubule $$\rightarrow$$ collecting duct

Question 12

Which of the following is a primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure

Question 13

A patient with chronic kidney disease has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than $$60\ \mathrm{ml/min}$$ for several months. What is the most likely clinical consequence?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of metabolic wastes in the blood

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They are low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption of water and solutes

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely be found in the urine of a healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 16

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which renal process is most important for correcting this imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion of $$\mathrm{H}^+$$ ions

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys consume 20-25% of the body's oxygen at rest?

Accepted Answer

They filter large volumes of blood and perform active transport for reabsorption

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 19

A patient with a kidney stone blocking a ureter is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Severe flank pain and possible hematuria

The Urinary System: Structure and Function

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