Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 2

A patient presents with blood in the urine (hematuria) after a car accident. Which anatomical feature makes the right kidney more susceptible to trauma?

Accepted Answer

The right kidney is lower than the left due to the liver

Question 3

Which sequence correctly traces the path of urine from its formation to its exit from the body?

Accepted Answer

Renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 4

Which layer of supportive tissue directly prevents the spread of infection to the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Fibrous capsule

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood to form a cell- and protein-free filtrate

Question 6

Which cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole and release renin?

Accepted Answer

Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

Question 7

A patient with a kidney infection is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. Which structure is most likely inflamed?

Accepted Answer

Entire kidney, including cortex and medulla

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_{gc} - (HP_{cs} + OP_{gc})$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a unique feature of juxtamedullary nephrons compared to cortical nephrons?

Accepted Answer

They have long nephron loops that deeply invade the medulla

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why plasma proteins are not normally found in the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

They are too large to pass through the filtration membrane

Question 11

A patient is experiencing anuria (urine output \u003c 50 ml/day) after a crush injury. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct order of blood flow through the kidney, starting from the renal artery?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → cortical radiate artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus

Question 13

Which cell type in the collecting duct is primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Intercalated cells

Question 14

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the constriction of afferent arterioles in response to increased blood pressure, thereby protecting the glomeruli from damage?

Accepted Answer

Myogenic mechanism

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular complex?

Accepted Answer

They sense NaCl concentration in the filtrate

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the kidneys during severe blood loss?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of afferent arterioles, decreasing GFR

Question 17

Which of the following is the main controllable factor determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

They help form concentrated urine by maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely result in proteinuria (protein in the urine)?

Accepted Answer

Damage to the filtration membrane

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and solutes from the filtrate

The Urinary System: Structure and Function of the Kidneys

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