Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Production of renin to activate angiotensin

Question 2

Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for filtration of blood?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 3

A patient presents with glucose in their urine. Which nephron process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Tubular reabsorption

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of structures that urine passes through from the nephron to the external environment?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → PCT → Nephron loop → DCT → Collecting duct → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Internal urethral sphincter → Prostatic urethra → External urethral sphincter → Spongy urethra → Urethral orifice

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They are low-pressure, porous capillaries specialized for reabsorption and secretion.

Question 7

A patient with a blood pH of 7.30 is experiencing which condition, and how will the kidneys respond?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis; kidneys will reabsorb HCO$$_3^-$$ and secrete H$$^+$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product resulting from amino acid breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 9

Which process is primarily responsible for the movement of H$$^+$$ ions from the blood into the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion

Question 10

If aldosterone secretion increases, what is the expected effect on sodium and water balance?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption and increased water retention

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT normally found in urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure in the kidneys and ultimately increases blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Question 13

A patient is dehydrated and their body needs to conserve water. Which hormone will be released in greater amounts?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why plasma proteins are not normally found in urine?

Accepted Answer

They are too large to pass through the filtration membrane in the glomerulus.

Question 15

Which compartment contains the majority of the body's water?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

It is a muscular, expandable sac that stores urine.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood pressure by increasing ADH and aldosterone secretion.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the juxtamedullary nephron's long loop?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the production of concentrated urine.

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely result from a failure of the external urethral sphincter?

Accepted Answer

Involuntary release of urine (incontinence)

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Homeostasis

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