Question 1

A patient with chronic hypertension is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. Which step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is directly blocked by this medication?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why cholera infection leads to severe diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

Cholera toxin opens Cl⁻ channels, increasing Cl⁻ secretion and preventing water reabsorption

Question 3

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed Farxiga, which inhibits SGLT in the nephron. What is the primary effect of this medication on renal glucose handling?

Accepted Answer

It decreases glucose reabsorption, leading to increased glucose excretion in urine

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of vasopressin (AVP) in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the deposition of AQP2 channels on the apical membrane of collecting duct cells, increasing water reabsorption

Question 5

A person is experiencing metabolic acidosis (blood pH \u003c 7.35). How will the kidneys respond to help restore acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Increase H$$^+$$ secretion and increase HCO$$_3^-$$ reabsorption

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during micturition (urination)?

Accepted Answer

Detrusor muscle contracts, internal sphincter relaxes, external sphincter relaxes

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic system rather than directly into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are too large and hydrophobic to enter capillaries directly, so they are packaged into chylomicrons and transported via lymph

Question 8

A patient receives a blood transfusion with mismatched blood type. Which immune mechanism is most responsible for the resulting agglutination reaction?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to foreign antigens on donor red blood cells, causing clumping

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity uses pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect general pathogen features, while adaptive immunity targets specific antigens and generates memory

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the movement of water from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis driven by ion (Na$$^+$$, Cl$$^-$$, K$$^+) $$absorption

Question 11

A patient with hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) would be expected to have increased secretion of which hormone, and what is its effect on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases Ca$$^{2+}$$ reabsorption

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of bile in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Bile emulsifies lipids, increasing surface area for pancreatic lipase activity

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of metabolic state and hormone activity?

Accepted Answer

Fed state: insulin stimulates glycogenesis and protein synthesis

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption?

Accepted Answer

It contains circular folds, villi, and microvilli that greatly increase surface area

Question 15

A patient with an autoimmune disease is experiencing destruction of self-tissues. Which process most likely failed during lymphocyte development?

Accepted Answer

Self-tolerance, leading to survival of self-reactive lymphocytes

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the liver related to digestion and metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Detoxifies substances absorbed from the GI tract using CYP enzymes

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of antigen presentation in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Antigens are presented on MHC II molecules by phagocytic cells to activate B and T cells

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of SGLT in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

SGLT moves glucose and Na$$^+$$ from the tubule lumen into the cell, using the Na$$^+$$ gradient to drive glucose uptake against its concentration gradient

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why glycogen is considered a short-term energy store compared to lipids?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen can be rapidly mobilized to glucose, while lipids are used for long-term, energy-dense storage

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a vaccine containing an inactivated pathogen. Which of the following best describes the immune response?

Accepted Answer

The patient develops adaptive immunity by generating memory cells specific to the pathogen's antigens

Unit 3 Physiology Study Guide: Kidneys, Digestive System, Metabolism, and Immune System

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards