Question 1

Which structure in the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood to form urine, and what specialized cells within this structure help regulate filtration?

Accepted Answer

The nephron, specifically the glomerulus, with podocytes regulating filtration.

Question 2

A patient presents with a blockage in the minor calyx of the kidney. Which of the following would most likely be affected first?

Accepted Answer

Urine drainage from the renal papilla.

Question 3

If the efferent arteriole of the nephron constricts, what is the most likely effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Use the following equation: $$GFR = K_f 	imes (P_{GC} - P_{BS} - \pi_{GC})$$

Accepted Answer

GFR increases due to increased glomerular capillary pressure ($$P_{GC}).$$

Question 4

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of glucose, and what would happen if this segment is damaged?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule; glucose would appear in the urine (glycosuria).

Question 5

During dehydration, which blood vessel in the nephron increases water reabsorption by maintaining a hyperosmotic medulla?

Accepted Answer

Vasa recta

Question 6

A patient with a spinal cord injury loses voluntary control over urination. Which structure is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

External urethral sphincter

Question 7

Which segment of the male urethra passes through the pelvic floor muscles and is most susceptible to injury during catheterization?

Accepted Answer

Membranous urethra

Question 8

A man is diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Which part of the urinary tract is most likely to be obstructed?

Accepted Answer

Prostatic urethra

Question 9

Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for storing and maturing sperm before ejaculation?

Accepted Answer

Epididymis

Question 10

A vasectomy involves cutting which structure, and what is the primary effect on fertility?

Accepted Answer

Vas deferens; sperm cannot reach the ejaculatory duct.

Question 11

Which gland contributes a fluid that neutralizes acidic urine residue in the urethra, aiding sperm survival?

Accepted Answer

Bulbourethral gland

Question 12

Which structure in the female reproductive system is the site of fertilization, and what anatomical feature assists in capturing the oocyte?

Accepted Answer

Uterine tube; fimbriae

Question 13

A woman has a tumor in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. Which function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Blood supply to the ovary

Question 14

Which part of the uterus is most likely to be involved in implantation of the embryo?

Accepted Answer

Body

Question 15

During lactation, which structure in the mammary gland is responsible for milk production, and which structure transports milk to the nipple?

Accepted Answer

Lobe produces milk; alveolar duct transports milk.

Question 16

A patient presents with a urinary tract infection localized to the bladder. Which structure is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Bladder

Question 17

Which ligament provides primary support to the uterus by anchoring it to the lateral pelvic wall?

Accepted Answer

Broad ligament

Question 18

If the collecting duct fails to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), what is the most likely clinical outcome? Use the following equation for urine concentration: $$C_{urine} = \frac{U_{osm}}{P_{osm}}$$

Accepted Answer

Dilute urine and increased urine volume (diabetes insipidus).

Question 19

Which structure in the female external genitalia is homologous to the glans penis in males?

Accepted Answer

Clitoris

Urinary and Reproductive Systems: Practical Exam Study Guide

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