Q: A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following arterial blood gas findings?

$$\text{pH} \u003c 7.35$$, $$\text{HCO}_3^- \u003c 22$$ mEq/L

Question 1

A patient is given a loop diuretic that blocks NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb of the nephron loop. Which of the following will most likely occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

Decreased medullary osmotic gradient and more dilute urine

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the main effect of aldosterone on the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Question 3

A patient with severe dehydration is found to have high plasma osmolarity. Which hormone will be most strongly stimulated to correct this imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

Which of the following pressures directly opposes glomerular filtration in the renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CSHP)

Question 5

Which nephron segment is primarily responsible for the majority of obligatory water and solute reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 6

Which of the following is the main cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

K+

Question 7

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following arterial blood gas findings?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} \u003c 7.35$$, $$	ext{HCO}_3^- \u003c 22$$ mEq/L

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the kidney in response to low blood oxygen and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Dilates afferent arteriole, inhibits Na+ reabsorption, and increases urine output

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney from the renal artery to the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → interlobular (cortical radiate) artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus

Question 11

A patient drinks 2 liters of pure water quickly. What is the immediate effect on extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Decrease ECF osmolarity

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron when blood pressure is low?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the main buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer: $$\mathrm{CO}_2 + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}^+ + \mathrm{HCO}_3^-$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Increases renal calcium reabsorption

Question 15

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a blood gas showing $$\mathrm{pH} = 7.32$$, $$\mathrm{PCO}_2 = 55$$ mmHg, $$\mathrm{HCO}_3^- = 28$$ mEq/L. Which acid-base disorder is present?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation

Question 16

Which structure in the nephron senses NaCl concentration in the filtrate and helps regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) via tubuloglomerular feedback?

Accepted Answer

Macula densa

Question 17

Which hormone is produced by the placenta and maintains the corpus luteum early in pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 18

Which birth control method works primarily by preventing sperm from leaving the male reproductive tract?

Accepted Answer

Vasectomy

Question 19

During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the LH surge trigger ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Follicular phase

Urinary, Fluid/Electrolyte, Acid-Base, and Reproductive Systems: Mini-Textbook Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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