Question 1

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with rapid breathing and confusion. Laboratory results show a blood pH of 7.20. Which acid-base disorder is most likely present, and what is the primary cause?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis due to ketoacidosis

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the flow of urine from its formation to its exit from the body?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus → renal corpuscle → PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Question 3

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory tests reveal a dangerously low potassium level. Which electrolyte imbalance is present, and why is it considered dangerous?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia; because potassium imbalance can disrupt cardiac and nerve function

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = GHP - (CHP + BCOP)$$

Question 5

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by making the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) more permeable to water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A 70-year-old patient is prescribed a standard dose of medication. However, the drug accumulates to higher levels than expected. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The patient's kidneys and liver have reduced ability to clear drugs due to aging

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the main function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They are involved in reabsorption and secretion around the PCT and DCT of cortical nephrons

Question 8

A marathon runner drinks only pure water during a race and later develops confusion and seizures. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct order of structures that a molecule passes through during glomerular filtration in the renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

Fenestrated endothelium → basement membrane → podocyte filtration slits → capsular space

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on sodium handling in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys are the primary organs responsible for excretion of fixed acids?

Accepted Answer

Fixed acids can only be removed by the kidneys, not by the lungs

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the movement of sodium and glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

Sodium and glucose are reabsorbed together via the SGLT cotransporter

Question 13

A patient with severe vomiting loses large amounts of stomach acid. What acid-base disorder is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 14

Which of the following is the main pressure that drives filtration in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on thirst and blood osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases thirst and decreases blood osmolarity

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the body?

Accepted Answer

It controls pH by shifting between CO$$_2$$, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate

Question 17

Which of the following is the most abundant organic waste product excreted in urine?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of natriuretic peptides released by the heart?

Accepted Answer

They lower blood volume and blood pressure

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the main function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

Accepted Answer

It regulates blood pressure and GFR by releasing renin

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of angiotensin II on extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?

Accepted Answer

It elevates ECF volume by stimulating aldosterone, ADH, thirst, and vasoconstriction

Urinary System and Fluid & Electrolyte Balance: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards