$$\text{Filtration} = \text{Glomerular hydrostatic pressure} - (\text{Capsular hydrostatic pressure} + \text{Blood colloid osmotic pressure})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

They filter blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and produce hormones.

Question 2

A patient is given an IV solution of 0.9% NaCl (normal saline). What effect will this have on their cells?

Accepted Answer

There will be no net water movement; cell size remains unchanged.

Question 3

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby concentrating urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

During dehydration, which of the following changes occurs in plasma osmolality and cell volume?

Accepted Answer

Plasma osmolality increases; cells shrink.

Question 5

Which of the following correctly lists the order of nephron structures through which filtrate passes?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → Collecting duct → Ureter

Question 6

A patient with chronic kidney disease is at increased risk for which of the following acid-base imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 7

Which equation best represents the process of filtration in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Filtration} = 	ext{Glomerular hydrostatic pressure} - (	ext{Capsular hydrostatic pressure} + 	ext{Blood colloid osmotic pressure})$$

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the RAAS pathway?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Question 9

If a patient receives a hypertonic IV solution, what is the expected effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink.

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 11

A patient with SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) is most likely to present with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia and decreased plasma osmolality

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why elderly patients are at increased risk for dehydration?

Accepted Answer

They have reduced kidney function and lower fluid reserves.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the RAAS pathway?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensinogen → Renin → Angiotensin I → ACE → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ANP decreases sodium reabsorption, lowering blood pressure.

Question 15

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the highest percentage of total body water?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 16

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which renal mechanism will help compensate for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increase bicarbonate ($$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}) $$reabsorption

Question 17

Which of the following is a specialized kidney cell that helps regulate blood pressure by releasing renin?

Accepted Answer

Juxtaglomerular cell

Question 18

Which process in the nephron is responsible for the movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Filtration

Question 19

A patient with hypertension is given a diuretic. What is the expected effect on their blood pressure and urine output?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure decreases; urine output increases.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of a hypotonic IV solution on body cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells swell due to water influx.

Urinary System & Fluid Balance — Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions