Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Producing red blood cells

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure and is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What is the primary physiological effect of this medication on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

Accepted Answer

It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 3

Which layer of connective tissue directly surrounds the kidney and provides the most immediate protection?

Accepted Answer

Fibrous capsule

Question 4

The functional unit of the kidney where filtration actually occurs is called the:

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Passive movement of plasma-like fluid from blood into Bowman’s capsule

Question 6

If the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus constricts, what is the expected effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases due to lower hydrostatic pressure

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = P_{GC} - (P_{BC} + \pi_{GC})$$

Question 8

A patient is dehydrated, leading to increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). What is the effect on urine concentration and volume?

Accepted Answer

Urine becomes more concentrated and volume decreases

Question 9

Which of the following substances is almost completely reabsorbed in the nephron, with only about 10% secreted back into the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Uric acid

Question 10

What is the main driving force for sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

Active transport via Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure, and what is its effect on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); increases sodium excretion

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why glucose is not normally found in urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 13

A patient with kidney failure produces less than 30 mL of urine per hour. What is the term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Oliguria

Question 14

Which process in the nephron is responsible for the selective movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid, often to regulate acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion

Question 15

If a person’s urine contains significant amounts of protein, which part of the nephron is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney, starting from the renal artery?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the renal medulla is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It contains cone-shaped regions called renal pyramids

Question 18

A patient with excessive loss of sodium in urine is likely to have a deficiency in which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

They reabsorb water and nutrients from the tubular fluid

Question 20

If the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly proportional to net filtration pressure (NFP), what happens to GFR if NFP increases?

Accepted Answer

GFR increases

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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