Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the macula densa cells in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

They monitor the concentration of $$\mathrm{NaCl} in $$the filtrate and regulate afferent arteriole diameter.

Question 2

A patient presents with fever, back pain, and blood-tinged urine. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Pyelonephritis

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of urine from its formation to elimination?

Accepted Answer

Bowman's capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter

Question 4

If the afferent arteriole constricts while the efferent arteriole remains unchanged, what is the most likely effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases due to reduced blood flow into the glomerulus.

Question 5

Which cell type in the nephron is primarily responsible for forming the filtration slits in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Podocytes

Question 6

A patient with a urinary tract infection (UTI) is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Urinary frequency, dysuria, and foul-smelling urine

Question 7

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by increasing the number of aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

The medullary osmotic gradient is essential for urine concentration. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for establishing this gradient?

Accepted Answer

Loop of Henle

Question 9

Which of the following is a normal component of the fluid in Bowman’s capsule?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 10

If systemic blood pressure drops, which mechanism helps maintain GFR by dilating the afferent arteriole?

Accepted Answer

Myogenic mechanism

Question 11

Which tissue type lines the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and is specialized for reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

Question 12

Which hormone acts to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 13

A patient with obstruction of the ureter is at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of urinary tract infection due to impaired urine flow

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the medulla of the kidney has a higher osmotic pressure than the cortex?

Accepted Answer

The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient by actively transporting ions.

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely occur if the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure increases, raising GFR.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct equation for net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{NFP} = \mathrm{HP}_\mathrm{g} - (\mathrm{OP}_\mathrm{g} + \mathrm{HP}_\mathrm{c})$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the detrusor muscle?

Accepted Answer

It contracts to expel urine from the bladder during micturition.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JXA)?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood pressure via renin release

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely be found in the urine of a patient with glomerular damage?

Accepted Answer

Large plasma proteins

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Decreases GFR by constricting afferent arterioles

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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