Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes

Question 2

The difference between afferent and efferent arterioles in the nephron is crucial for filtration. Which statement best describes this difference?

Accepted Answer

Afferent arterioles bring blood to the glomerulus, and efferent arterioles carry blood away, creating a pressure gradient for filtration.

Question 3

Which of the following substances is NOT normally filtered at the renal corpuscle due to the filtration membrane's properties?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = P_{GC} - (P_{BS} + \pi_{GC})$$

Question 5

A patient has a decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure. What effect will this have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR will decrease

Question 6

Which of the following factors would most likely increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increase in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 7

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

A patient with low ADH levels would most likely present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Large volume of dilute urine

Question 9

Which process occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and is essential for maintaining acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions

Question 10

During countercurrent multiplication in the nephron, which segment is primarily responsible for actively transporting sodium and chloride ions out of the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why glucose is normally absent from urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is reabsorbed completely in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 12

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which renal process will be upregulated to compensate?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate

Question 13

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 14

During urine storage, which nervous system predominates and what is its effect on the detrusor muscle?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic; relaxes the detrusor muscle

Question 15

Which of the following is the primary stimulus for voiding (micturition)?

Accepted Answer

Stretch of the bladder wall

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result from sympathetic stimulation during urine storage?

Accepted Answer

Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

Question 17

If the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is abnormally high, what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient reabsorption of nutrients

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Question 19

Which part of the nephron is water reabsorption hormonally regulated?

Accepted Answer

Collecting duct

Question 20

A patient with diabetes insipidus has a deficiency of which hormone, and what is the expected effect on urine output?

Accepted Answer

ADH; increased urine output

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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