Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

$$NFP = \text{Glomerular hydrostatic pressure} - (\text{Plasma colloid osmotic pressure} + \text{Capsular hydrostatic pressure})$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Maceration

Question 2

The urinary system removes metabolic wastes, especially ________.

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 3

The kidney is divided into an outer renal ________ and an inner renal ________.

Accepted Answer

Cortex; medulla

Question 4

A renal corpuscle consists of the ________ and the ________.

Accepted Answer

A and B

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct physiological processes carried out by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Auscultation

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the pathway of urine from its formation to its exit from the body?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra → Out of body

Question 7

What is the site where vessels enter and exit the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Hilum

Question 8

Which of the following statements about nephrons is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephrons are close to the border of cortex and medulla and have a long loop of Henle.

Question 9

Which pressure would be most affected by a decrease in plasma albumin, and what would be the end result on GFR?

Accepted Answer

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure decreases, GFR increases

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 	ext{Glomerular hydrostatic pressure} - (	ext{Plasma colloid osmotic pressure} + 	ext{Capsular hydrostatic pressure})$$

Question 11

If the afferent arteriole constricts, what happens to glomerular hydrostatic pressure and GFR?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure decreases, GFR decreases

Question 12

In the renin-angiotensin system, what is the primary effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium and water reabsorption, raising blood pressure and blood volume

Question 13

Which of the following is a consequence of hyperfiltration in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Substances are not reabsorbed and may be lost in urine

Question 14

How do you think an abnormally LOW GFR will affect the relative composition of reabsorbed and excreted filtrate as compared to hyperfiltration?

Accepted Answer

Relatively, more substances will be absorbed into the body than excreted

Question 15

Which of the following is true of hypofiltration?

Accepted Answer

GFR is abnormally low

Question 16

A patient presents with chronic kidney disease and a GFR of 45 mL/min/1.73 m². Which of the following best describes the likely consequences?

Accepted Answer

Most substances will be reabsorbed, and some waste products may not be adequately excreted

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary regulation

Question 18

A patient with severe dehydration is likely to have which of the following changes in GFR and why?

Accepted Answer

Decreased GFR due to reduced blood volume and pressure

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys receive 20-25% of cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

To efficiently filter blood and remove metabolic wastes

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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