A birth defect called transposition of great vessels results in the pulmonary trunk emanating from the left ventricle and the aorta stemming from the right ventricle.

Predict the potential effects of this birth defect.

Predict which would be more damaging to long-term survival: a blood clot lodged in the right coronary artery or one in the left coronary artery. Explain.

Explain why a severed artery spurts blood, whereas a severed vein merely leaks blood.

Explain why a person who is 7 feet tall is likely to have higher blood pressure than a person whose height is 4 feet.

Collagen vascular diseases weaken the collagen in the tunica externa of blood vessels. Predict the effects of such a disease.

You are babysitting two children who are having a contest to see who can hang upside-down for the longest time. At the end of the contest, both children feel dizzy and are worried they are sick. Explain to them why they feel this way and why the effect is only temporary. (Hint: Consider how the baroreceptor reflex responds when a person hangs upside-down.)

Predict the effects of each of the following on systemic arterial blood pressure:

Caffeine consumption, which increases heart rate and causes vasoconstriction

Explain why the skin and lips of fair-skinned individuals may 'turn blue' in very cold weather.

Ms. Rodgers has been diagnosed with secretion of inappropriate ADH syndrome (SIADH). What effect will SIADH have on the amount of water in her body? What symptoms would you expect from this condition? How would it affect her blood pressure and net filtration pressure?

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Arteries are the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system.

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The tunica intima is composed of a sheet of endothelium, connective tissue, and the internal elastic lamina.

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Arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins always carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.

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The tunica media consists of smooth muscle cells innervated by vasomotor nerves.

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The pulmonary circuit delivers blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated.

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Muscular arteries control blood flow at the tissue level.

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Veins have smaller lumens, more elastic fibers, and more smooth muscle than arteries.

Locations where vessels connect via collateral vessels are known as:

a. Thoroughfare channels

b. Metarterioles

c. Anastomoses

d. Venules

The carotid sinus contains:

a. Baroreceptors

b. Chemoreceptors

c. Metabolic controls

d. Smooth muscle cells

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

____ Auricle      

____ Aorta      

____ Coronary sinus       

____ Papillary muscle      

____ Fossa ovalis     

____ Pectinate muscle      

____ Venae cavae      

____ Pulmonary trunk      

____ Chordae tendineae      

____ Pulmonary veins 

a. Drainage point for the coronary veins

b. Extensions that attach papillary muscles to valves

c. Remnant of a hole present in the fetal interatrial septum

d. Two largest veins of the systemic circuit

e. Flaplike extension from the right or left atrium

f. Finger-like projections of ventricular muscle

g. Main artery of the pulmonary circuit

h. Veins that drain the pulmonary circuit

i. Largest artery of the systemic circuit

j. Ridges of muscle in the atria

Which of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance?

a. Increased blood viscosity

b. Shorter vessel

c. Vasodilation

d. An increase in vessel radius

Fill in the blanks: The coronary arteries are the first branches off the ________. The right coronary artery becomes the ________ on the posterior side of the heart. The left coronary artery branches into the ________ and the ________.

Which of the following would produce a decrease in blood pressure?

a. Increased cardiac output

b. Vasodilation

c. Vasoconstriction

d. Increased blood volume

The two pressures within the systemic arterial circuit are the_____ pressure and _____ pressure. The difference between these two pressures is the_____ pressure.

The lowest pressure in the systemic circuit occurs in the:

a. Arteries

b. Arterioles

c. Capillaries

d. Venules

e. Veins

Explain the mechanisms that assist in the return of venous blood to the heart.

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The sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure in the short term by increasing cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

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A sudden increase or decrease in blood pressure triggers the baroreceptor reflex, which is mediated by the medulla and the autonomic nervous system.

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Hormones that decrease blood volume and blood pressure include antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone.

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Angiotensin-II is a chemical that produces profound vasoconstriction.

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The kidneys control blood pressure directly through adjustment of blood volume.