What is the impact of bypassing complex 1 in the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle on proton pumping and ATP synthesis?

• A. It increases proton pumping efficiency, enhancing ATP synthesis.
• B. It reduces proton pumping efficiency, leading to lower ATP yield.
• C. It bypasses complex III, reducing ATP yield.
• D. It has no impact on proton pumping or ATP synthesis.

Answer: (B)