Evaluate the efficiency of cytosolic NADH contribution to ATP production via the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase pathway.

• A. It is more efficient because it directly transfers electrons to complex III.
• B. It is less efficient than the malate-aspartate shuttle due to bypassing complex I.
• C. It is equally efficient as it uses FADH2.
• D. It is more efficient because it enhances proton pumping.

Answer: (B)