A membrane has a chemical gradient favoring Cl- influx and an electrical gradient favoring Cl- efflux. What is the net effect on Cl- diffusion?

• A. Cl- will only efflux due to the electrical gradient.
• B. Cl- diffusion is unaffected by these gradients.
• C. Cl- will only influx due to the chemical gradient.
• D. The net effect depends on the relative strength of both gradients.

Answer: (D)