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Amino Acid Oxidation 2 definitions

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  • Glutamine
    Major transporter of nitrogen from tissues to the liver, where it is converted to glutamate and ammonium for urea cycle entry.
  • Glutamate
    Central molecule in nitrogen metabolism, formed from glutamine and used to generate ammonium or aspartate for the urea cycle.
  • Glutaminase
    Enzyme in mitochondria that cleaves glutamine to produce glutamate and ammonium, supplying nitrogen for the urea cycle.
  • Glutamate Dehydrogenase
    Enzyme that removes an amino group from glutamate, yielding alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonium, while reducing NAD+ or NADP+.
  • Aspartate
    Nitrogen donor in the urea cycle, formed from glutamate and oxaloacetate, and exported from mitochondria to cytosol.
  • Oxaloacetate
    Citric acid cycle intermediate that combines with glutamate to form aspartate, linking energy and nitrogen metabolism.
  • Alpha-Ketoglutarate
    Product of glutamate dehydrogenase activity, participates in the citric acid cycle and transamination reactions.
  • Alanine
    Amino acid transported from muscle to liver in the glucose-alanine cycle, converted to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis.
  • Glucose-Alanine Cycle
    Pathway where muscles send alanine to the liver, which converts it to pyruvate for glucose production, cycling back to muscles.
  • Urea Cycle
    Liver pathway that disposes of excess nitrogen by converting it to urea, interconnected with the citric acid cycle.
  • Fumarate
    Intermediate released from the urea cycle, enters the citric acid cycle and is converted to malate and oxaloacetate.
  • Argininosuccinate
    Molecule linking the urea and citric acid cycles, formed during the urea cycle and broken down to release fumarate.
  • Transaminase
    Enzyme facilitating amino group transfer between molecules, used as a clinical marker for tissue damage.
  • Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase
    Key enzyme initiating the urea cycle, activated by N-acetylglutamate to process ammonium into carbamoyl phosphate.
  • N-Acetylglutamate
    Allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, synthesized from acetyl-CoA and glutamate, regulated by arginine.