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Biosignaling 2 definitions

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  • cAMP
    A cyclic nucleotide generated by adenylyl cyclase, serving as a secondary messenger in diverse cellular signaling pathways.
  • Protein Kinase A
    An enzyme activated by cAMP that phosphorylates serine or threonine residues, regulating multiple cellular processes.
  • Adenylyl Cyclase
    A membrane-associated enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP, initiating secondary messenger signaling.
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptor
    A membrane protein that detects extracellular signals like hormones and triggers intracellular signaling cascades.
  • Anchoring Protein
    A scaffolding molecule that holds together signaling components, ensuring efficient interaction within the cell.
  • Phosphorylation Cascade
    A series of sequential protein modifications by phosphate addition, amplifying and regulating cellular signals.
  • Epinephrine
    A hormone derived from tyrosine, responsible for triggering fight or flight responses via cellular signaling.
  • Glycogen Phosphorylase
    An enzyme activated in signaling pathways to break down glycogen into glucose 1-phosphate for energy release.
  • Glucose 1-Phosphate
    A phosphorylated glucose molecule produced from glycogen breakdown, later converted to glucose for energy.
  • Amplification
    A phenomenon where a single signaling molecule triggers the release of thousands of downstream effectors.
  • Beta Adrenergic Receptor Kinase
    A kinase that phosphorylates the epinephrine receptor, facilitating adaptation in signal transduction.
  • Beta Arrestin
    A protein that binds phosphorylated receptors, promoting their internalization and attenuating cellular signals.
  • Endosome
    A membrane-bound compartment formed during receptor internalization, storing receptors away from the cell surface.
  • Cholera Toxin
    A bacterial protein that modifies G protein, causing excessive cAMP production and severe water loss in cells.
  • Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase
    An enzyme that degrades cAMP to AMP, crucial for controlling cellular signaling pathway activity.