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Derivatives of Monosaccharides definitions

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  • Monosaccharide Derivative
    Chemically modified simple sugar that deviates from the standard CnH2On formula, often by replacing hydroxyl groups with other functional groups.
  • Sugar Phosphate
    Carbohydrate covalently attached to a phosphate group, crucial in nucleotide structure and carbohydrate metabolism pathways.
  • Phosphate Group
    Functional group consisting of phosphorus and oxygen atoms, commonly attached to sugars in nucleotides and metabolic intermediates.
  • Sugar Alcohol
    Simple sugar whose carbonyl group is reduced, resulting in alcohol groups on every carbon; often named with the suffix 'itol'.
  • Aldotol
    Sugar alcohol derived from an aldose, characterized by alcohol groups on all carbon atoms after reduction of the aldehyde group.
  • Deoxy Sugar
    Simple sugar missing at least one hydroxyl group, typically replaced by hydrogen; key component in DNA structure.
  • 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose
    Deoxy sugar found in DNA, where the hydroxyl group on the second carbon is replaced by hydrogen.
  • Amino Sugar
    Simple sugar containing an amino group instead of a hydroxyl group, commonly found in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
  • Chitin
    Polysaccharide composed of amino sugars, serving as a structural component in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
  • Sugar Acid
    Carbohydrate with one or more carboxylic acid groups, classified based on which carbon atoms are oxidized.
  • Aldonic Acid
    Sugar acid formed by oxidation of the aldehyde group at the first carbon of an aldose, typically ending with the suffix 'onic'.
  • Uronic Acid
    Sugar acid produced by oxidation of the highest numbered carbon in a sugar, usually named with the suffix 'uronic'.
  • Alderic Acid
    Sugar acid resulting from oxidation of both the lowest and highest numbered carbons, commonly ending with the suffix 'aric'.
  • Carboxylic Acid Group
    Functional group consisting of a carbon double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl, present in sugar acids.