Derivatives of Monosaccharides

in this video, we're going to begin our discussion on derivatives of mono sacha rides. So recall that in our previous lesson videos, we mentioned that there are simple sugars in nature that have the exact formula here. C N h 20 n. But there are also complex sugars in nature that can actually deviate from this exact formula. And so, really, these complex sugars are just derivatives of the simple sugars, and so we can call these mono sacha ride derivatives or otherwise complex mono sacha rides. Now your professors in your textbooks. Sometimes they'll say monos accurate derivatives. Other times they'll say complex mono sacha rides. And so now you guys know what they're referring to. And so really, these monos accurate derivatives or complex mono sack rides or just chemically modified mano sacha rides, And so if they're chemically modified, that means that they can deviate from this exact formula here. And so what we'll see is that these mono sacha right derivatives they will take the hydroxyl groups of simple sugars and replace them with other chemical groups such as, for instance, phosphate groups, carb, oxalic acid or amino groups. And so when it comes down to it. Really? They're just five major groups of mono sacha right derivatives. And so you can see those five major groups down below and our image. And so the first is going to be sugar phosphates. The second is going to be sugar alcohols. The third is going to be de oxy sugars. The fourth is going to be amino sugars, and the fifth are going to be sugar assets. And so, as we move forward in our course, we're going to talk about each of these five different groups of mono Sacher I derivatives in their own separate videos. And so we'll start with the sugar phosphates, so I'll see you guys in our next video.

all right. So the first group of mono sacha ride derivatives that we're going to talk about are the sugar phosphates. And so, as you may have already guessed, sugar phosphates are just carbohydrates that Air Cove intently attached to phosphate groups. And so, as we'll see moving forward through our course, sugar phosphates are going to make up part of the structure of nucleotides. And, of course, nucleotides make up the structure of new Clague acids such as, for example, DNA. And so notice down below. We're showing you a DNA molecule, and we're zooming in on this region of the DNA molecule here. And so you can see that we have these carbohydrates or these sugars and noticed that the sugars are co violently attached to phosphate groups. And you could see that we have another sugar here that is also co violently attached to another phosphate group. And so it's true that the structure of DNA does include sugar phosphates, and later in our course, we'll talk Mawr details about the exact structure of DNA. But for now we're focusing just on sugar phosphates. Now you'll also note that later in our course, when we're talking about carbohydrate metabolism. You'll find that sugar phosphates are going to be important. Intermediates in the pathways of both carbohydrate metabolism. Uh, and carbohydrate cut. Tabal is, um and so this would be breaking things down. And this would be building things up and again. We'll talk more about this later in our course. But if you take a look at this box over here, which will notice, is that we've got this d glucose molecule here, which is, ah, carbohydrate that we can metabolize. And so notice that through phosphor relation, we can take the D glucose molecule and get a D glucose six phosphate molecule. And so notice that the D glucose molecule is now co violently attached to this phosphate group here. And so we'll see many different intermediates in the pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and metabolism that include these sugar phosphates. And so you can see this sugar phosphate can continue through, um, carbohydrate metabolism through the Glen Collis pathway here. But again, we'll talk a lot more about carbohydrate metabolism later in our course. And right now we're just focusing on sugar phosphates, so they make up part of the structure of DNA and they're gonna be important. Intermediate and carbohydrate metabolism and ca tabal is, um So that concludes our introduction to sugar phosphates. And our next video will be able to talk about the next group of sugar derivatives, which are this sugar alcohols. So I'll see you guys there.

all right. So the next group of monos accurate derivatives are the sugar alcohols, also known as Aldo atolls. And so sugar alcohols, or Aldo atolls are just sugars whose Carbonnel group is reduced to an alcohol group or an O H group. And so when this happens, every single carbon atom of the sugar is going toe have its own alcohol group. And so usually thes sugar alcohols or alcohols are going to have the Suffolk sex. It tall added to the end of the name. And so if we take a look at our example of sugar alcohols down below right here, notice that we have the linear mono Sacher I d. Glucose right here. And so, through the process of reduction, we can reduce this alga hide group into an alcohol group and O H group here. And we're also adding on this hydrogen Adam right here. And so we're able to generate this molecule sorbitol, which noticed that when we look at every single one of its carbon atoms, they all have their own alcohol group. And so that is also how we can easily identify sugar alcohols or al battles. And so that concludes our brief introduction to sugar alcohols and alcohols and I'll see you guys in our next video. When we talk about the third group of mono Sacha ride derivatives, Deok sees sugars.

All right. So the third group of mono sacha ride derivatives that we're gonna cover are the D oxy sugars. Now, deok sees sugars are just going to be sugars that are missing at least one hydroxyl group. And usually the hydroxyl groups are going to be missing, usually due to the replacement with hydrogen atoms. And so a classic deok sees sugar is the sugar to d oxy the ribose. And so this prefix D oxy is used to indicate the oxy sugars. Now, to de Oxy D ribose is the primary building block of DNA in all organisms. And so later, in our course, when we focus our attention on nucleic acids and DNA structure, we will definitely revisit this idea of d oxy sugars. And so if we take a look at our example down below, you can see the doxy, sugars and DNA. And so notice over here on the left, we have the Fiorina's form of beta d ribose and so notice that this alcohol group on C two uh, if it is replaced with a hydrogen atom or simply if we just remove the oxygen here, uh, then what? We can get eyes. Uh, d oxy ribose And so we can convert beta d ribose into beta d to deoxyribonucleic just by replacing the alcohol group with a hydrogen atom on the sea to carbon. And so this too right here is just telling us that it's the second carbon here, Uh, that is gonna have the alcohol replaced. And so this beta d two d oxy ribose here is the sugar that we see found in DNA. And so you can see that we have, uh, DNA over here, and we're taking a zoom in of the DNA, and you can see that within, uh, the structure of DNA that we do have This d oxy, uh, beta d two d oxy reboots in there. And so this concludes our introduction to the D Oxy sugars, uh, group of mono sacharow derivatives. And in our next lesson video, we'll talk about the fourth group of mono sacharow derivatives, which are the amino sugars. So I'll see you guys there

All right. So the fourth group of mono sacha ride derivatives that we're gonna talk about are the amino sugars. And so amino sugars are just sugars that are going to contain and amino group rather than containing a hydroxyl group at that position. And so, as we'll see moving forward in our course, amino sugars are going to be commonly found in many Ali go sacha rides as well as Polly Sacha rides, for example, Kitten, which is a poly sacha ride that we're gonna talk Maura about later. In our course, and also these amino sugars, they're usually going to have the Suffolk six m mean And so if we take a look at our example down below of amino sugars, notice that we're starting off with a beta d glucose molecule over here. And if we replace one of the hydroxyl groups here with an amino group, then what we've got is a beta d glucose amine and noticed that the ending has this Suffolk's, I mean in it. And so this concludes our introduction to amino sugars. And in our next lesson video, we'll talk about the fifth and final group of mono sacha ride derivatives, the sugar acids. So I'll see you guys in that video

all right, So in this video, we're going to talk about the fifth and final class of mono sack ride derivatives, which are the sugar acids. And so sugar acids are just carbohydrates with car box cilic acid groups. And so, really, there are three main types of sugar acids that you guys should know, and so the first type are the al Danek acids. The second type are the your onek acids, and the third type are the al derek acids. And so you'll notice that I intentionally capitalize the Letter A and Al Danek, the letters you and are and you're on it and the letters A and R and Al Derek. And that's because we're gonna utilize this as a memory tools to help us distinguish between these three different types of sugar acids. But before we introduce that memory to let's first go ahead and identify with each of these, three sugar acids are, and so the Al Danek acids are going to be al doses who see one Aldo Hide group is oxidized into a car box, Cilic acid, and so al Danek acids usually have the Suffolk's Onek. Now, the next class, your ironic acids. Thes air, just sugars whose highest numbered carbon is oxidized into a car box. Cilic acid. And so you're Onek acids usually have the Suffolk's your onek. And then, of course, last but not least, we have the al Derek acids. And so these are gonna be sugars whose lowest and highest numbered carbons are oxidized to car box Ilic acids. And so al derek acids are usually going toe have the Suffolk's Eric. And so what you'll notice again is we intentionally capitalize the letters that you see up above here. And so the A is the first letter of the alphabet. And so that reminds us that Al Danek acids are going to have their first carbon atom, the C one al Jihad, oxidized to a carb oxalic acid. So you think first letter of the alphabet here with Al Danek is the first Carbon is oxidized. Now you're on it. We capitalize you and are which are two letters that air towards the end of the alphabet so they're closer to the end of the alphabet. And so this reminds us that it's the highest numbers or the carbon atoms towards the end of the sugars that are going to be oxidized to carbon oxalic acids and then notice that Al Derek acid is contains the letter A, which is the first letter of the alphabet, and the letter R, which is, Ah, letter towards the end of the alphabet. And so this reminds us that Al Derek acids have both the lowest numbered carbon and the highest numbered carbon oxidized to carve oxalic acids. And so if we take a look at our example down below, we're going toe. Label the following sugar acids and notice over here on the far right in this box, we're starting on the left with a D glucose molecule and notice that we have oxidation on Lee at the C one Carbon, the alga hide group that's at the top, the C one Al Jihad. And so it's being oxidized to a car box Cilic acid. And so, of course, that is going to classify this because it's the Onley, the lowest numbered carbon. Uh, this is going to be an al Danek acid and, of course, the prefix that or the Suffolk's that it uses is onek. And so this is going to be glue connick acid so we've converted d glucose into D glue Connick acid. Now, in this next box over here, notice again. We're starting with a D glucose molecule once again, just like we started with D glucose over here. Except this time noticed that we have oxidation at the C six carbon, which is the highest numbered carbon, and so the highest numbered carbon being oxidized to a car box. Ilic acid is going to be a your onek acid. And what helps us remember that is again the letters you and our our towards the end of the alphabet. And so this is at the end of, uh, the sugar molecule here that's being oxidized. And of course, the prefix that's typically used for your onek acid is just your onek. So this is going to be Glueck de Glueck, your onek acid. So we've converted d glucose into D. Glueck, your onek acid right here and then last but not least over here in this last box notice. Once again, we're starting with a D glucose molecule, just like the previous two. Except this time, notice that we have oxidation at both C one and C six. So we have oxidation at both ends at the lowest and the highest numbered carbons being oxidized to car box Cilic acids. And so again, because Al Derek has the A and the R, that reminds us that it has the beginning and towards the end, being oxidized again the beginning and towards the end, being oxidized. So this is again going to be an al Derek acid and, of course, the prefix or the Suffolk's for Al. Derek Acid is just Eric. And so this is going to be de glue carrick acid. So we've converted D glucose into D glue Kerik acid. And so really, that is it for our introduction to the sugar acids in the three types Al Danek, your Onek and Al Derek, and we'll be able to get a little bit of practice with these concepts in our next video. So I'll see you guys there