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Phosphoinositide GPCR Signaling definitions

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  • GPCR
    A membrane protein that detects extracellular signals and initiates intracellular responses via G proteins.
  • Alpha Adrenergic Receptor
    A specific GPCR subtype in the PSP pathway, responsive to hormones like epinephrine and angiotensin.
  • Gq
    A heterotrimeric G protein subtype in PSP signaling, composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.
  • Phospholipase C
    An effector enzyme in PSP signaling that hydrolyzes PIP2 to generate secondary messengers.
  • PIP2
    A membrane glycerophospholipid substrate for PLC, containing phosphate groups at positions 4 and 5.
  • IP3
    A cytosolic secondary messenger derived from PIP2, with phosphate groups at carbons 1, 4, and 5.
  • DAG
    A membrane-bound secondary messenger produced from PIP2, consisting of glycerol and two fatty acids.
  • Calcium Ion
    A secondary messenger released from the endoplasmic reticulum, increasing cytosolic concentration.
  • Calmodulin
    A cytosolic protein activated by calcium, forming a complex that regulates other kinases.
  • Protein Kinase C
    A membrane-associated kinase activated by DAG and calcium, phosphorylating targets for cell response.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    An organelle storing calcium ions, with channels opened by IP3 to release calcium into the cytoplasm.
  • GDP
    A low-energy nucleotide bound to the G protein alpha subunit in its inactive state.
  • GTP
    A high-energy nucleotide exchanged for GDP on the G protein alpha subunit during activation.
  • Secondary Messenger
    A small molecule generated in response to extracellular signals, amplifying and propagating cellular responses.
  • Cell Response
    The final outcome of PSP signaling, including processes like growth, injury repair, or platelet activation.