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Practice - Bioenergetics 1 definitions

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  • Specificity
    Feature of cellular systems ensuring precise interactions between proteins and chemical signals for targeted responses.
  • Amplification
    Process where a single signal molecule triggers production of thousands of downstream molecules, greatly increasing response.
  • Modularity
    Characteristic allowing proteins to interact with multiple pathway components, enabling flexible signal processing.
  • Adaptation
    Ability of signaling pathways to adjust their response, often through feedback mechanisms like receptor removal.
  • Integration
    Cellular process where multiple signaling pathways converge, allowing coordinated and appropriate responses.
  • Equilibrium Constant
    Ratio reflecting the balance between product formation and reactant disappearance in a chemical reaction.
  • ΔG
    Thermodynamic value indicating whether a reaction occurs spontaneously, independent of reaction speed.
  • Phosphocreatine
    Molecule with a highly negative hydrolysis energy, surpassing ATP in phosphoryl group transfer potential.
  • ATP
    Acid anhydride compound with significant negative hydrolysis energy, central to cellular energy transfer.
  • Acid Anhydride
    Chemical group found in molecules like ATP, associated with large negative hydrolysis energies.
  • Malate Dehydrogenase
    Enzyme catalyzing a reaction with positive standard ΔG, but can proceed under certain cellular conditions.
  • NAD+
    Electron carrier involved in reactions like malate dehydrogenase, accepting electrons to form NADH.
  • NADH
    Reduced form of NAD+, produced in reactions such as malate dehydrogenase, important in energy metabolism.
  • Oxaloacetate
    Product of the malate dehydrogenase reaction, playing a role in metabolic pathways like the citric acid cycle.
  • Equilibrium
    State where the rates of product and reactant formation are equal, resulting in ΔG of zero.