Question 1

Which of the following best describes the general formula for carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

$C_n(H_2O)_n$

Question 2

Which statement correctly distinguishes between an aldose and a ketose sugar?

Accepted Answer

Aldose sugars have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketose sugars have it within the chain.

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct Fischer projection for D-glucose?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{CHO}-(\mathrm{CHOH})_4-\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{OH}$

Question 4

What is the main difference between the alpha ($\alpha$) and beta ($\beta$) anomers of glucose?

Accepted Answer

The orientation of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon (C1): $\alpha$ is down, $\beta$ is up.

Question 5

Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose and galactose linked by a $\beta$-1,4 glycosidic bond?

Accepted Answer

Lactose

Question 6

Which polysaccharide is the main storage carbohydrate in animals and is highly branched?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 7

Cellulose is a polymer of which type of glucose and what type of glycosidic linkage?

Accepted Answer

$\beta$-glucose with $\beta$-1,4 linkages

Question 8

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. What is the overall chemical equation for glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 2\mathrm{NAD}^+ + 2\mathrm{ADP} + 2\mathrm{P}_i \rightarrow 2\mathrm{C}_3\mathrm{H}_4\mathrm{O}_3 + 2\mathrm{NADH} + 2\mathrm{ATP} + 2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$

Question 9

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A nucleotide contains a phosphate group, while a nucleoside does not.

Question 10

Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Question 11

What type of bond links nucleotides together in the backbone of DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Question 12

According to Chargaff's Rule, which of the following is true for double-stranded DNA?

Accepted Answer

$[A] = [T]$ and $[G] = [C]$

Question 13

Which statement best explains why DNA strands are described as antiparallel?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs 5' to 3', while the complementary strand runs 3' to 5'.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the major groove in DNA?

Accepted Answer

It is wider and deeper, exposing more base pairs for protein binding.

Question 15

Which process describes the copying of DNA into messenger RNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 16

What is the function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the codons on mRNA.

Question 17

Which of the following codons is the universal start codon for translation?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the differences between DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil.

Question 19

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Carbohydrates, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides: Structure and Function in Biological Chemistry

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