Q: Which equation correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution?

$$ \text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[\text{base}]}{[\text{acid}]} \right) $$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic genomes are typically circular and lack histones, while eukaryotic genomes are linear and associated with histones.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{pH} = 	ext{p}K_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[	ext{base}]}{[	ext{acid}]} ight) $$

Question 3

A mutation causes the loss of function in DNA ligase during DNA replication. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Joining of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for polar molecules?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with polar solutes, stabilizing them in solution.

Question 5

Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be found in the interior of a globular protein?

Accepted Answer

Leucine

Question 6

A patient presents with a genetic disorder affecting the enzyme responsible for forming phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication. Which enzyme is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the secondary structure of nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

B-DNA is a right-handed helix and is the most common form in vivo.

Question 8

Which process is directly responsible for the removal of introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Splicing

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of histones in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Histones package and organize DNA into nucleosomes, facilitating chromatin structure.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct Fischer projection for D-glucose?

Accepted Answer

All hydroxyl groups on the right except C-3

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the difference between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Homopolysaccharides are composed of a single type of monosaccharide, while heteropolysaccharides contain two or more different types.

Question 12

Which of the following is a consequence of DNA supercoiling in cells?

Accepted Answer

It compacts DNA, allowing it to fit within the nucleus.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct equation for Gibbs free energy change ($\Delta G$) in terms of enthalpy ($\Delta H$) and entropy ($\Delta S$)?

Accepted Answer

$$ \Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S $$

Question 14

A scientist is using PCR to amplify a segment of DNA. Which enzyme is essential for this process?

Accepted Answer

Taq polymerase

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of restriction enzymes in molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

They cleave DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is typically single-stranded.

Question 17

Which process is responsible for the synthesis of proteins from mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the Southern blot technique is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is used to detect specific DNA sequences using hybridization.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It adds repetitive sequences to the ends of chromosomes to prevent shortening.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world application of DNA sequencing?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosing genetic diseases by identifying mutations in patient DNA

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