Mastering biology chapter 11 Flashcards
Mastering biology chapter 11
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What is the primary focus of Chapter 11 in Mastering Biology? Cell Communication What are the three stages of cell signaling? Reception, Transduction, Response What is a ligand in the context of cell signaling? A molecule that binds to a receptor How do G protein-coupled receptors function? They activate G proteins by exchanging GDP for GTP What role do second messengers play in cell signaling? They relay signals inside the cell What is the function of protein kinases in signal transduction? They phosphorylate proteins to activate or deactivate them What is the significance of signal amplification in cell signaling? It increases the strength of the signal What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death How do ion channel receptors work? They open or close in response to ligand binding What is the role of phosphatases in cell signaling? They remove phosphate groups from proteins What is a signal transduction pathway? A series of steps by which a signal is converted into a cellular response What is the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in cell signaling? It acts as a second messenger What is the function of receptor tyrosine kinases? They phosphorylate tyrosines on target proteins What is the difference between paracrine and endocrine signaling? Paracrine is local; endocrine is long-distance What is the role of scaffolding proteins in signal transduction? They organize groups of signaling proteins How does a cell respond to a signal? By altering its behavior or gene expression What is the role of calcium ions in cell signaling? They act as a second messenger What is the function of a signal molecule? To convey information to a cell What is the role of feedback regulation in cell signaling? To modulate the response to a signal What is the importance of cell communication in multicellular organisms? It coordinates cellular activities