BackBio 201 Lessons 1-2
Terms in this set (60)
What are the five themes of life?
1) Structure & Function
2) Transformation of Matter & Energy
3) Information Storage, Transmission, & Flow
4) Interactions Between & Within Systems
5) Evolution
A suggested explanation that can be tested
Hypothesis
True or False: a hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
True
True or False: a hypothesis cannot be disproven or eliminated, but it can be proven
False, it can never be proven
An experimental group that uses a treatment known to produce a positive result
Positive Control
An experimental group intentionally designed NOT to produce an effect
Negative Control
The variable that is being tested
Independent Variable
The variables you are measuring as the outcome of your experiment
Dependent Variable
True or False: The control group is matched with the experimental group excepts for the one experimental variable
True
Why is it important that an experiment include a control group?
They provide a reference to determine if a particular outcome reasonably results from the variable being tested
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent bonds
What do atoms share in covalent bonds?
Electrons
An ionic bonds is formed when...
An electron is transferred from one atom to another
Group consisting of a carbon covalently bonded to three hydrogen atoms
Methyl group
Group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group
Carboxyl group
Group consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom
Hydroxyl group
When two atoms of equal electronegativity interact, they form...
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Process in which monomers are joined together in a reaction where two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule
Dehydration reaction
True or False: Phospholipids have 3 fatty acids
False, phospholipids only have 2 fatty acids
What functional features does the phosphates group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid?
Provides a negative charge to interact with water and a place to attach another small charged molecule
What holds phospholipids together in a bilayer formation?
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with water
Is a fat molecule or a phospholipid molecule less soluble in water?
A fat molecule because it has three nonpolar fatty acids and no polar or charged head
What are the three different domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What is the big difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane compartmentalization
What structure is common to plant and animal cells?
Mitochondria
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing what kind of molecules?
Proteins
In animal cells, where can DNA be found?
Nucleus and mitochondria
The tendency of an atom in a bond to attract shared electrons
Electronegativity
What makes a molecule more soluble than another?
The molecule has a higher proportion of polar regions that interact with water
True or False: Hydrogen bonds always involve water
False
The noncovalent interaction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom nearby
Hydrogen bond
What are the 4 major components of biomolecules?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What types of molecules can diffuse across the cell membrane without the help of a transporter protein?
Small, nonpolar molecules
True or False: Small polar molecules like water, ethanol, and methanol can pass through the phospholipid bilayer without a transporter protein
True
What types of molecules cannot diffuse across the cell membrane without the help of a protein transporter?
Large, polar, and ionic molecules
When glucose is dissolved in water will it fall apart? (will the bonds break)
No, because it is held together by strong covalent bonds
What is true about water when it moves across a membrane?
It is able to diffuse freely but also uses a transporter protein
Transporter proteins that allow water molecules to move quickly across a membrane
Aquaporins
True or False: Bacterial cells have a nucleus
False
True or False: Bacterial cells have a cell wall
True
True or False: Bacterial cells do not have a mitochondria
True
True or False: Animal cells have a cell wall
False
The totality of all the genetic material in a given organism
Genome
Circular DNA can be found in what types of organisms?
Bacteria and Eukaryotes
Where is circular DNA found in a bacterial cell?
Cytoplasm
True or False: Bacteria have histones for packaging DNA tightly
False
Where is circular DNA found in eukaryotes?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
True or False: Eukaryotes with circular DNA do not have histones for packing DNA tightly
True
Linear DNA can be found in what type of organisms?
Eukaryotes
Where is linear DNA found in the cell?
Nucleus
True or False: Eukaryotes with linear DNA have histones for packing DNA tightly
True
What scientific theory supports why mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA?
Endosymbiosis
True or False: We can predict relative genome size based on the complexity of the organism
False
True or False: The number of genes is not proportional to genome size
True
True or False: Simple eukaryotes are similar to bacteria in how their genomes are organized
True
True or False: The genes are further apart in complex eukaryotes for their genomes in comparison to bacteria
True
True or False: Eukaryotes have less non-coding DNA in between genes for their genomes than bacteria
False
True or False: Bacteria have larger genomes in comparison to complex eukaryotic cells
False
What are three weak interaction individually that dissolve in water but are strong enough to hold molecules together?
Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals interactions
Intricate protein structure that plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of proteins, RNAs, and large macromolecules
Pore complex