BackBio exam 3 highlighted concepts
Terms in this set (32)
What is a plesiomorphy?
Ancestral (old) trait
Homology vs Homoplasy?
Homology = same origin
Homoplasy = similar but evolved separately (convergent evolution)
What is an outgroup?
A reference group used to compare traits
What does a node represent?
Common ancestor
What is a polytomy?
Unclear evolutionary relationship (multiple branches)
What is LUCA?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
Autotroph vs Heterotroph?
Autotroph = makes own food
Heterotroph = consumes others
Oxygenic vs Anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Oxygenic = produces oxygen
Anoxygenic = does NOT produce oxygen
What is endosymbiosis?
One cell lives inside another → became mitochondria/chloroplast
Order of plant evolution?
Algae → Nonvascular → Vascular → Seed → Flowering plants
What is a cuticle?
Waxy layer to prevent water loss
What is vascular tissue?
Transports water/nutrients (xylem & phloem)
Why are seeds important?
Protect embryo + help dispersal
What do flowers do?
Reproduction
What is alternation of generations?
Switching between haploid (n) and diploid (2n)
Gametophyte does what?
Produces gametes (n)
Sporophyte does what?
Produces spores (2n → n)
Haploid dominant means?
Gametophyte is main stage
Diploid dominant means?
Sporophyte is main stage
Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic
What are hyphae?
Thread-like filaments
What is mycelium?
Network of hyphae
Plasmogamy vs Karyogamy?
Plasmogamy = cytoplasm fuses
Karyogamy = nuclei fuse
What is heterokaryotic?
Two different nuclei in one cell
What are transcription factors?
Proteins that turn genes on/off
What are morphogens?
Signals that tell cells what to become
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What do Hox genes do?
Control body layout (head, limbs, etc.)
Protostome vs Deuterostome?
Different embryonic development patterns
Diploblastic vs Triploblastic?
2 tissue layers vs 3 tissue layers
What is bilateral symmetry?
Left/right halves mirror
What is cephalization?
Head/brain development