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BIO116 Exam 3

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  • Double helix

    Consist of two sugars-phosphate back bones with nitrogenous bases on the interior

  • What are the Base parings

    and how are they paired?

    Adenine (A): Thymine (T)

    Guanine (G):Cytosine (C)

    Via hydrogen bonds

  • True or False: Anti-parallel are strands that run in the same direction?

    False: They run in opposite directions

  • What is the name of this Model:

    Each new DNA molecule contains one original "Parental" strand and one newly synthesized "daughter" strand

    Semiconservative Model

  • True Or False:

    Replication begins at a specific site forming a "Replication Bubble" with a replication fork at Each End

    True

  • Key enzymes

    Helicase

    Single Stranded DNA binding protines

    Topoisomerase

    Primase

    DNA polymerase III and I

    DNA Ligase

  • What is the name of this enzyme function? :

    Synthesizes the RNA Primer needed to start a new strand

    Primase

  • True or False:

    The helicase unzips the double helix like a jacket

    True

  • What is the function of single stranded DNA binding Protines

    To stabilize Single Stranded DNA

  • What is the function of the enzyme Topoisomerase?

    It relieves strain from twisting

  • True or False:

    DNA Polymerase III removes RNA Primers and fills in the space with DNA

    FALSE

    It adds nucleotides 5'---> 3' direction to build a new strand

  • What is the name of this enzyme function?:

    Joins DNA Fragments

    DNA Ligase

  • What occurs after removing the RNA primers during DNA Polymerase I?

    The spaces where the RNA primers were are then filled with DNA

  • True Or False:

    The Lagging strand is synthesized in fragments away from the fork?

    FALSE

    The Leading strand is

  • Wat was the last name of the couple who discovered the fragments

    (Hint: its the name of the Fragments)

    Okazaki

  • True or false:

    Transcription in only occurs in the nucleolus for prokaryotes and in the cytoplasm for Eukaryotes

    FALSE!!!!

    It is the other way around

  • What are the stages of Transcription?

    1. Initiation

    2. Elongation

    3. Termination

  • Initiation uses the help of transcription factors for what?

    (Transcription)

    to help bind the RNA Polymerase to the promoters

  • Elongation (Transcription)

    RNA Polymerase unwinds DNA strands and adds RNA Nucleotides

  • The RNA transcription is released

    Termination

  • True or False:

    RNA processing occurs in the nucleus of Eukaryotes only

    TRUE

  • Spliceosomes

    Complex that splice out Introns and splice together Exons

  • Translation (mRNA and Protines)

    Genetic code

    A triplet code (codons) where 3 nucleotides specify one amino acid

  • what are the names of the begging codons and the ending codons?

    Start codon and end codon

  • What are the components of Translation (mRNA and Protines)

    mRNA (templets)

    tRNA (Brings amino acids

    Ribosomes ( "Enzyme" for protine synthases)

  • What are the stages for Translation

    Initiation

    Elongation

    Termination

  • True or false: In Translation Initiation is where small ribosomal subunit and first tRNA binds to the mRNA then large subunits bind

    TRUE!!!!!!!!

  • TRUE OR FALSE: In Translation Elongation tRNA moves to the A site and old charged tRNA with amino acids binds to the E site , growing protines get transferred to the new amino acids move to the P- site and the old moves ot the A- site

    FALSE!!!! The elongation moves towards the p-site and newly charged tRNA with amino acids bind to the A site and growing protines get transferred to the new amino acid. the new tRNA moves to the p site and the old tRNA moves to the E site

  • Translation Termination

    Ribosomes encounters a stop codon, complex falls apart, and releases complete protine

  • What are the types of mutations?

    Silent

    Missense

    Nonsense

    Framshift Mutation

  • Silent

    Change in one DNA base but does not change in the amino acid at that site

  • Missense

    Change in one base, changes from one amino acid to another

  • Nonsense

    Changes in base that produces a stop codon one

  • Framshift

    Inserts or delets a base in the DNA and alters the reading fram (Usually results in a stop codon soon after)

  • Structure of a virus

    infectious particles made of a Genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protine shell called a Capsid and attachment protines

  • TRUE OR FALSE

    Viruses are living cells

    False they are not living cells

  • True or false

    Some viruses may have envelopes derived form the host cell

    True

  • True or fasle

    All viruses have matrix enzymes

    FALSE

    only some have it

  • How do viruses replicate?

    They have to use host cell machinery to replicate because they are obligate intercellular parasites

  • What is the name of viruses the infect bacteria

    Bacteriophages

  • preformed by all phages

    Lytic Cycle

  • Lysogenic cycle

    preformed by template phages only

  • True or false

    Vaccines are not acclable to those who have viral infections?

    False

    Vaccines help the immune system produce antibodies to recognize viral antigens

  • Inhibits replicate without damaging the host cell Anitbodies do not work on viruses because they target cellular functions

    ANTIVIRALS

  • Roots

    Anchors the plant and absorbs water (Minerals and stors carbohydrates)

  • Shoots (Stem and leaves)

    Stem orients the plant for light; leaves are primarly photosynthetic organs

  • Dermal Tissue

    The outer protective coating (epidermis or cuticle)

  • Vascular tissue

    The transport (Xylem for water, phloem for sugar and gowth)

  • Ground Tissue

    Photosynthesis, support, and storage

  • True or False

    Intermediate growth is where plants grow until a certain point through the Auxiliary bud?

    False they grow throughout their life via meristem

  • Primary growth

    Increases length

    Apical bud in stems

    apical meristem in roots

  • Secondary growth

    Increases thickness via Lateral Meristem

  • Bulk flow

    Driven by pressure; and moves water/minerals up via Negative pressure (Transpiration) and sugars via Positive pressure

  • Uses seive tube elements and their associated companion cells

    Xylem

  • Phloems

    Uses osmosis, membrane potential, and active transport (Proton pumps)

  • Uses Tracheids or vessel elements

    Short-Distance

  • Signaling molecules like auxin (regulates phototropism)

    Hormones

  • Growth towards light

    Phototropism

  • True or False:

    Low surface to volume ratios are critical for gas and nutrient exchange

    False!!!

    It is high surface area to volume ratios

  • True or false

    Simple organisms can be single celled or have all cells exposed to environment

    True

  • True or false

    Complex organisms must have specialized organs and tissues to carry out functions

    True

  • Tissues types

    Epithelia (covering/exchange)

    Connective (Support)

    Muscle (Movement)

    Nervous (Control)

  • Homeostasis

    the main tense of a steady internal stage (e.g., temp. and glucose) Via Negative feedback

  • Regulators

    Are typically Endotherms and does not allow for their enviroment to change their internal temps and they maintain their temp through metabolism or Negative ffed back like Goose bumps and are also Homeothersm with the exception of naked mole rats

  • Conformers

    are Ecotherms that gain heat from external sources and are typically poikilotherms or animas like reptiles

  • Examples or Adaptations

    Insulation (Fur/fat)

    Circulatory (Counter current exchange)

    Thermogenesis

    Evaporative cooling (Sweat)

  • Positive feed back

    amplifies a stimulus and does NOT play a major role in homeostasis

  • Negative feedback

    Is a control mechanisms that "Damps" a stimulus

    and plays a major role in homeostasis it moderates but doesn't eliminate changes in the internal environment.