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BIOL Exam 1 Review

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Terms in this set (25)

  • Independent variable

    Independent variable is the factor we can change and is plotted on the x-axis (horizontal).

  • Dependent variable

    Dependent variable is the outcome of that CHANGE and is plotted on the y-axis (vertical).

  • Scientific Process/Method

    Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Prediction → Experiment → Test → Repeat?
  • Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

    Prokaryotic cells: simple, no nucleus or organelles; found in bacteria.

    Eukaryotic cells: complex, have a nucleus and organelles. found in animals, plants, and fungi.

  • PH scale range and meaning

    pH ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.

  • Valence shell electron capacity
    First shell holds 2 electrons; subsequent shells hold up to 8 electrons.

  • HONCP and number of bonds atom can make

    Hydrogen (1), Oxygen (2), Nitrogen (3), Carbon (4), and Phosphorus (5)

  • Types of Bonds:

    Polar Covalent, Non-polar Covalent, Hydrogen, and Ionic.

  • Polar covalent bond

    Uneven sharing of electrons , partial charges.

  • Non-polar covalent bond

    Even sharing of electrons, partial charges, no directionality.

  • Hydrogen bond

    Attraction between an H and O and sometimes N. The. molecules attached must be polar covalent. Partial charges.

  • Ionic bond

    Full charge, just an attraction between molecules.

  • Polarity

    Polar molecules : hydrophilic (likes water)

    Non-polar: hydrophobic (doesn't like water)

  • 4 Biomolecules (Holy Grail of Biology)

    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

  • Carbohydrates

    Provide quick energy, energy storage, and structure.

    Monomers: monosaccharides (simple sugars = glucose)

    Polymers: polysaccharides (cellulose)

  • Lipids

    Long-term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation

    Monomers: fatty acids and glycerol.

    Polymers: Phospholipids.

  • Proteins

    Enzymes, structure, transport, movement, signaling.

    Monomers: amino acids

    Polymers: polypeptides

  • Nucleic Acids

    Store and transmit genetic information.

    Monomers: nucleotides

    Polymers: DNA and RNA

  • Dehydration synthesis
    Building polymers by releasing water molecules.
  • Hydrolysis
    Breaking polymers by adding water molecules.
  • Protein primary structure
    Sequence of amino acids held by peptide bonds.
  • Protein secondary structure

    Local folding of the backbone by hydrogen bonds.

  • Protein tertiary structure

    Overall 3D shape of a one polypeptide stabilized by side chains.

  • Protein quaternary structure

    How multiple polypeptide chains come together to form one protein.

  • DNA base pairing rules

    Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T); Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C).

    Always begins with 5' to 3'