BackCellular Respiration and Energy Transformation
04:21
Terms in this set (20)
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts converts CO2 and H2O into organic molecules using light energy. Cellular respiration in mitochondria breaks down these molecules to produce ATP, powering cellular work.
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules in the cytoplasm.
Pyruvate can enter aerobic cellular respiration by converting to Acetyl CoA in mitochondria or undergo fermentation in the cytosol if no oxygen is present.
Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH. This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is necessary for entry into the Citric Acid Cycle.
Acetyl CoA enters the cycle; it is formed by the oxidation of pyruvate.
It oxidizes Acetyl CoA to CO2, generating NADH, FADH2, and GTP/ATP as energy carriers.
NAD+ acts as an electron shuttle, accepting electrons during glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle to form NADH, which donates electrons to the electron transport chain.
Energy would be released all at once, causing damage and inefficiency; NAD+ allows controlled energy release through stepwise electron transfer.
Complex I accepts electrons from NADH; Complex III transfers electrons; Complex IV reduces oxygen to water; ATP synthase uses proton gradient to make ATP.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at Complex IV, combining with electrons and protons to form water.
Protons flow down their gradient through ATP synthase, driving the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
The proton gradient would collapse, stopping ATP production and halting cellular energy supply.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose, producing more ATP; fermentation occurs without oxygen, regenerating NAD+ but producing less ATP.
Yeast produce ethanol and CO2; humans produce lactate.
NAD+ is required to accept electrons during glycolysis; regeneration allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.
Fats and proteins are broken down into intermediates that enter glycolysis or the Citric Acid Cycle at various points to generate energy.
ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to catalyze the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Approximately 30-32 ATP are produced: 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Citric Acid Cycle, and about 26-28 from oxidative phosphorylation.
Rotenone blocks Complex I, preventing electron transfer, reducing ATP production and causing energy failure.
DNP disrupts the proton gradient by allowing protons to leak across the membrane, stopping ATP synthesis and releasing energy as heat.