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Ch. 6

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  • What happens to glucose during cellular respiration?

    Glucose is oxidized to CO2, oxygen is reduced to H2O

  • Explain substrate-level phosphorylation

    Direct transfer of a phosphate group from an substrate to ADP by an enzyme, producing ATP during glycolysis and Krebs cycle

  • Explain oxidative phosphorylation

    creating ATP through the ETC through chemiosmosis; NADH and FADH2 get oxidized, creating a hydrogen gradient allows for phosphorylation through chemiosmosis; flows through ATP synthase

  • Along with chemiosmosis, what is the other main energy source to generate large amounts of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?

    redox reactions from ETC drive proton pumping for ATP synthesis

  • Which enzyme is involved in the substrate level phosphorylation step?

    Pyruvate kinase

  • What are the products of glycolysis?

    pyruvate, ATP and NADH

  • What happens to glucose when it undergoes glycolysis?

    it is broken down into pyruvate, releasing energy stored in the sugar

  • During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, what is the primary role regarding ATP?

    ATP is consumed to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates

  • What is the significance of transporting pyruvate to the mitochondria in cellular respiration?

    Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, entering the citric acid cycle for further energy production

  • What are the products formed from the oxidation of one pyruvate molecule?

    1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 CO2

  • What are the total products of pyruvate oxidation from one glucose molecule?

    2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2

  • How many carbon atoms does an acetyl CoA contain after pyruvate oxidation?

    2

  • Describe the flow of electrons during pyruvate oxidation

    Pyruvate ---> NAD+---> NADH--->Acetyl CoA

  • Pyruvate loses ____ and _____ is released as the removed carbon

    one carbon; CO2

  • What must be attached to the acetyl group? What must enter the mitochondrion?

    Coenzyme A; pyruvate

  • In the Acetyl CoA entry phase of the Krebs cycle, what product is generated after the Acetyl CoA carbons react with oxaloacetate?

    citrate

  • Which phase of the Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, and CO2?

    citrate oxidation

  • What is the primary role of Acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle?

    to initiate the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate

  • During which phase is citrate converted into isocitrate?

    citrate oxidation (via aconitase)

  • Why is oxaloacetate regeneration crucial for the Krebs cycle?

     it allows the cycle to continue by providing a substrate for Acetyl CoA

  • How many NADH are produced per cycle of the Krebs cycle?

    3

  • Why is Krebs cycle considered essential for energy production?

    it produces the electron carriers for ATP formation in the ETC

  • What is a product of citrate oxidation?

    CO2

  • In one round of the Krebs cycle, one molecule of ____, 2 molecules of ____ and 3 molecules of _____ are produced

    FADH2; CO2; NADH

  • What is the direction of movement of hydrogen ions in the ETC by using energy from electrons?

    Matrix ---> intermembrane space